5-Paragraph Essay on Abraham Lincoln

Organisation leadership Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Association authority - Case Study Example 207). Customarily, ineffectual authority has been considered as the nonattendance of administration, while inquire about on leadership’s ruinous viewpoints demonstrates that dangerous initiative involves a large group of practices which is more than just the nonappearance of administration (Ashforth, 1994). A case of dangerous initiative in the working environment is the harassing offered to the representatives by the pioneer or supervisor. Since they have the force and the dynamic position, seniors will in general exact this control over the subordinates trying to coordinate their activities. Harassing negatively affects the brain research of the workers and influences the hierarchical culture unfavorably. Different instances of ruinous initiative conduct at the work environment incorporate robbery, debasement at the top level, and harm. The procedures of socialization and absorption managed by transformational authority may, in actuality, demonstrate ruinous. Probably the mo st unscrupulous pioneers with damaging practices in the history have been appealling pioneers, that have utilized their mystique for negative purposes as opposed to positive purposes (Luthans, Peterson, and Ibraveva, 1998; Padilla et al., 2007). A potential case of such magnetic pioneers found in the history is Hitler who despite the fact that was exceptionally compelling as a pioneer, yet made â€Å"a prime case of dangerous leadership† (Padilla et al., 2007, p. 179). One of the estimations of Inquiro is to â€Å"focus on the client and all else will follow†. This implies Inquiro works as indicated by the necessities of the clients and can go to any length to address those requirements. Users’ needs may not generally be moral. Clients may require data access to which, they are lawfully denied. For a similar explanation, Inquiro built up a turbulent relationship with China. In its endeavor to address the necessities of the clients, the organization didn't comple tely consent to the media oversight arrangements of China. Inquiro ought to have its own measures that ought to be considered the most significant. As per Padilla et al. (2007, p. 179), broken pioneer practices interface with the vulnerable devotees in the contributing environment’s setting to yield negative authoritative outcomes so the adherents can't avoid and should agree to the dangerous pioneer. In such a case, the dangerous pioneer doesn't focus on the natural setting or the jobs of the adherents. Accordingly, an authoritative petri dish is made in which dishonest and damaging conduct is sustained in individuals who in any case carry on morally. Inquiro ought not require its representatives to address those necessities of the clients that are not steady with its set up gauges. Inquiro’s authority is manipulative with regards to making good on the charges. For a similar explanation, Inquiro was exposed to parliamentary investigation in the year 2012 as a result o f its duty issues. In the year 2011, the expense bill of Inquiro’s corporate was close to 3.5 million pounds disregarding the way that the organization made a turnover of 396 million pounds. Inquiro figures out how to pay lesser assessment by

40 Quotes About Writing That Are Keeping It Real

40 Quotes About Writing That Are Keeping It Real Wondering what its really like to be a prolific, famous writer? Wish you could learn from the masters how to craft a great story that readers cant put down? Here are some quotes from some of the best writers on the process of their craft and some brutal truths about writing that keep it real.Im a failed poet. Maybe every novelist wants to write poetry first, finds he cant and then tries the short story which is the most demanding form after poetry. And failing at that, only then does he take up novel writing.William FaulknerWhen you catch an adjective, kill it.Mark TwainMy own experience is that once a story has been written, one has to cross out the beginning and the end. It is there that we authors do most of our lying.Anton ChekhovWriting a novel is like driving a car at night. You can only see as far as your headlights, but you can make the whole trip that way.E. L. DoctorowYou learn by writing short stories. Keep writing short stories. The moneys in novels, but writing short sto ries keeps your writing lean and pointed.Larry NivenEverywhere I go Im asked if I think the university stifles writers. My opinion is that they dont stifle enough of them.Flannery OConnorEverybody walks past a thousand story ideas every day. The good writers are the ones who see five or six of them. Most people dont see any.Orson Scott CardFinishing a book is just like you took a child out in the back yard and shot it.Truman CapoteAll good writing is swimming under water and holding your breath.F. Scott FitzgeraldRead, read, read. Read everything â€"?trash, classics, good and bad, and see how they do it. Just like a carpenter who works as an apprentice and studies the master. Read! Youll absorb it. Then write. If its good, youll find out. If its not, throw it out of the window.William FaulknerHere is a lesson in creative writing. First rule: Do not use semicolons. They are transvestite hermaphrodites representing absolutely nothing. All they do is show youve been to college.Kurt Von negut Jr.,?A Man Without a CountryLet me live, love, and say it well in good sentences.Sylvia Plath,?The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia PlathWriting is like sex. First you do it for love, then you do it for your friends, and then you do it for money.Virginia WoolfWriting books is the closest men ever come to childbearing.Norman MailerA blank piece of paper is Gods way of telling us how hard it is to be God.Sidney SheldonAnd by the way, everything in life is writable about if you have the outgoing guts to do it, and the imagination to improvise. The worst enemy to creativity is self-doubt.Sylvia Plath,?The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia PlathThe most important things are the hardest to say. They are the things you get ashamed of, because words diminish them â€" words shrink things that seemed limitless when they were in your head to no more than living size when theyre brought out. But its more than that, isnt it? The most important things lie too close to wherever your secret heart is buried, like landmarks to a treasure your enemies would love to steal away. And you may make revelations that cost you dearly only to have people look at you in a funny way, not understanding what youve said at all, or why you thought it was so important that you almost cried while you were saying it. Thats the worst, I think. When the secret stays locked within not for want of a teller but for want of an understanding ear.Stephen KingDont tell me the moon is shining; show me the glint of light on broken glass.Anton ChekhovThere are three rules for writing a novel. Unfortunately, no one knows what they are.W. Somerset MaughamIf you want to write, if you want to create, you must be the most sublime fool that God ever turned out and sent rambling. You must write every single day of your life. You must read dreadful dumb books and glorious books, and let them wrestle in beautiful fights inside your head, vulgar one moment, brilliant the next. You must lurk in libraries and climb the s tacks like ladders to sniff books like perfumes and wear books like hats upon your crazy heads. I wish you a wrestling match with your Creative Muse that will last a lifetime. I wish craziness and foolishness and madness upon you. May you live with hysteria, and out of it make fine stories â€" science fiction or otherwise. Which finally means, may you be in love every day for the next 20,000 days. And out of that love, remake a world.Ray BradburyAlways be a poet, even in prose.Charles BaudelaireA short story is a different thing altogether â€" a short story is like a quick kiss in the dark from a stranger.Stephen King,?Skeleton CrewI write differently from what I speak, I speak differently from what I think, I think differently from the way I ought to think, and so it all proceeds into deepest darkness.Franz KafkaLearn the rules like a pro, so you can break them like an artist.Pablo PicassoWhat an astonishing thing a book is. Its a flat object made from a tree with flexible parts on which are imprinted lots of funny dark squiggles. But one glance at it and youre inside the mind of another person, maybe somebody dead for thousands of years. Across the millennia, an author is speaking clearly and silently inside your head, directly to you. Writing is perhaps the greatest of human inventions, binding together people who never knew each other, citizens of distant epochs. Books break the shackles of time. A book is proof that humans are capable of working magic.Carl Sagan,?CosmosAny word you have to hunt for in a thesaurus is the wrong word. There are no exceptions to this rule.Stephen Kinggreat writers are indecent peoplethey live unfairlysaving the best part for paper.good human beings save the worldso that bastards like me can keep creating art,become immortal.if you read this after I am deadit means I made it.Charles Bukowski,?The People Look Like Flowers at LastA non-writing writer is a monster courting insanity.Franz Kafka [Letter to Max Brod]The only way you can write the truth is to assume that what you set down will never be read. Not by any other person, and not even by yourself at some later date. Otherwise you begin excusing yourself. You must see the writing as emerging like a long scroll of ink from the index finger of your right hand; you must see your left hand erasing it.Margaret Atwood,?The Blind AssassinThe first step ? especially for young people with energy and drive and talent, but not money...the first step to controlling your world is to control your culture. To model and demonstrate the kind of world you demand to live in. To write the books. Make the music. Shoot the films. Paint the art.Chuck PalahniukAdvice? I dont have advice. Stop aspiring and start writing. If youre writing, youre a writer. Write like youre a goddamn death row inmate and the governor is out of the country and theres no chance for a pardon. Write like youre clinging to the edge of a cliff, white knuckles, on your last breath, and youve got just o ne last thing to say, like youre a bird flying over us and you can see everything, and please, for Gods sake, tell us something that will save us from ourselves. Take a deep breath and tell us your deepest, darkest secret, so we can wipe our brow and know that were not alone. Write like you have a message from the king. Or dont. Who knows, maybe youre one of the lucky ones who doesnt have to.Alan W. WattsIf you expect to succeed as a writer, rudeness should be the second-to-least of your concerns. The least of all should be polite society and what it expects. If you intend to write as truthfully as you can, your days as a member of polite society are numbered, anyway.Stephen King,?On Writing: A Memoir of the CraftI write almost always in the third person, and I dont think the narrator is male or female anyway. Theyre both, and young and old, and wise and silly, and sceptical and credulous, and innocent and experienced, all at once. Narrators are not even human - theyre sprites.Phili p PullmanIndeed, learning to write may be part of learning to read. For all I know, writing comes out of a superior devotion to reading.Eudora Welty,?On WritingIf youre just starting out as a writer, you could do worse than strip your televisions electric plug-wire, wrap a spike around it, and then stick it back into the wall. See what blows, and how far. Just an idea.Stephen King,?On Writing: A Memoir of the CraftFinishing a book is just like you took a child out in the back yard and shot it.Truman CapoteThe poet or the revolutionary is there to articulate the necessity, but until the people themselves apprehend it, nothing can happen ... Perhaps it cant be done without the poet, but it certainly cant be done without the people. The poet and the people get on generally very badly, and yet they need each other. The poet knows it sooner than the people do. The people usually know it after the poet is dead; but thats all right. The point is to get your work done, and your work is to c hange the world.James BaldwinThe author must keep his mouth shut when his work starts to speak.Friedrich NietzscheYou know how writers are... they create themselves as they create their work. Or perhaps they create their work in order to create themselves.Orson Scott CardFind out the reason that commands you to write; see whether it has spread its roots into the very depth of your heart; confess to yourself you would have to die if you were forbidden to write.Rainer Maria Rilke

Current Bullying Laws Not Working - 1100 Words

Current Bullying Laws Not Working Bullying is something that has been going on in schools and communities for centuries. There are however, laws that have been put into place to help prevent bullying. These laws were first started in 1964. However, â€Å"under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not directly cover religion, often religious based harassments are based on shared ancestry of ethnic characteristics which is covered.†(Federal Laws 1) Laws started changing around 1995 that helped reinforce what schools should be doing to prevent bullying. Bullying is defined as a behavior that encompasses threats, physical aggression, teasing, and harassment. Since bullying laws†¦show more content†¦Another person that is affected is the witnesses. They are rarely thought of but they have increased use of tobacco, alcohol, or drugs, along with mental health problems and depression. Furthermore, since there are no federal laws that address bullying, â€Å"bullyin g overlaps with discriminatory harassment when it is based on race, national origin, color, sex, age, disability, or religion.†(Federal Laws 1) After the 1999 Columbine High School shooting, forty-eight states put anti-bullying laws into place. All of their laws state that a hardcore investigation must take place, along with reporting it, followed by strict punishment. A victim has to report it happening from the same person or group repeatedly before anything is done about it, in order to suspend or expel the bully. Not many students in school are willing to report any bullying activity, they fear that they too will become bullied, for being a â€Å"snitch† or â€Å"tattle tale†. Students know that if the bully discovers who told on them, then it will make them more hostile and escalate them to find more cruel way to punish their victim. Even if the bully is expelled from school there is other means of torturing someone. One way that has risen since the laws we re put into place, is cyber bullying. Ever since the social pages like MySpace, Twitter, and Facebook have becomeShow MoreRelatedCyberbullying : Bullying And Bullying Prevention Programs Essay1456 Words   |  6 PagesKowalski, Limber (2012) originally wrote Cyberbullying: Bullying in the digital age after working together on various bullying prevention programs and collaborating on research pertaining to cyberbullying. The authors goal is to educate parents, teachers, and the community about the growing cyberbullying problem among children and adolescents. An additional goal of the authors is to empower adults, amongst our youth, to prevent bullying. Many adults, whether in the community or in the school environmentRead MoreAn Article On Bullying And School Violence853 Words   |  4 Pagestake on bullying is that it has and will continue to lead to school violence conceivably on the scale of the 1999 massacre at Columbine High School that resulted in 13 deaths and 24 students w ounded. WHAT IS BULLYING? â€Å"In the United States, in a study of over 15,000 students attending public and private schools, Nansel, Overpeck, Pilla, Ruan, Simons-Morton, and Scheidt (2001) found that 30% of sixth- through tenth-grade students said that they had moderate to frequent involvement in bullying at schoolRead MoreLegal Implications Of Todays School Climate Are Real1730 Words   |  7 Pagesoffice cannot be denied. From employment discrimination laws, Americans with Disabilities Act, Title IX, and a slew of individual student issues, having a retained law firm available to the superintendent and related staff is a necessary practice. Andrew Manna represents a variety of school districts around Indianapolis and surrounding areas, as a school and education law attorney. While the focus of Andrew’s presentation was on the current legal and trial trends on a national and local level, theRead MoreThe Effects Of Mental Illnesses On The Workplace1227 Words   |  5 Pagesof harassment: huma n rights harassment and personal harassment (CUPE, 2014). All harassment is illegal under a number of laws and policies such as the collective agreement, employer policies, human rights laws, occupational health and safety laws, employment standards laws, labor relations laws, workers’ compensation laws, tort law, sector-specific regulation and criminal law (only if harassment involves physical threats, sexual threats and assaults) (CUPE, 2014). There is also the right to employmentRead MoreWhat I Learned With Osha And Workplace Safety Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesI learned so many new concepts in this employment law class. So many of these concepts I can apply to my everyday work life. I learned there were different types of employment relationships (common law, statutory, and independent) which I didn’t know even exist. I learned the different types of discrimination and about illegal employees. I also learned that illegal citizens have rights to work in the US wi th the proper permit. I didn’t even know about e-verify or that employers check if your legalRead MoreCurrent Literature Regarding the History of Bullying Research1254 Words   |  6 PagesAdult bullying at work is shockingly common and very destructive. In an in-depth analysis of 146 organizations worldwide, workplaces evidencing bullying on a relatively routine basis made up 44% of the total analyzed. U.S. studies also suggest alarming prevalence rates. During any given 6 to 12 month period, up to 13 percent of workers are bullied on the job; this increases significantly when counting those bullied anytime during their careers .These numbers translate to millions of workers: AccordingRead MoreIdentify the Current Legislations, Guidelines, Policies and Procedures for Safeguarding the Welfare of Children and Young People Including E-Safety.758 Words   |  4 PagesIdentify the current legislations, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people including e-safety. Many accounts of child abuse and neglect can be avoided in many cases if all the agencies involved with children worked well together and were able to identify the signs that a child was at risk. Many children have their development affected through the actions of abuse, neglect or bullying, the majority of these events happen behind closed doorsRead MoreExplain Child Protection in the Wider Concept Essays1210 Words   |  5 Pagesthem safe from bullying, crime, accidents, neglect and abuse. Safeguarding is a fundamental part of our every day activities with children and young people in the most basic of things from health and hygiene policies i.e washing hands before and after assisting the younger children with toilet duties for both the teacher and the pupil to I.D badges to identify ourselves, locks on all entrances and exits from the building as well as signing in and out of buildings. Anyone working with children areRead MoreWorkplace Bullying And The Victim1644 Words   |  7 Pages Workplace Bullying and the Victim When a nurse is bullied, she often develops the feeling associated with disappointment in regards to being a nurse and their ability to handle the bully. The feelings of failure manifest into actions. The nurse’s productivity decreases, which leads to actions of incompetency. Workplace bullying causes physical and emotional illnesses in the victim. Workplace bullying is a stressor. A stressor is defined as anything that generates stress. The body responds to stressRead MoreDifferent Modes And Types Of Bullying1298 Words   |  6 Pagesour youth, is bullying. Bullying is a continuous growing field that is being examined constantly due to its complexity. An important and well known website named stopbullying.com unleashed factual information that helps, as well educates families on this topic: â€Å"In 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and Department of Education released the first federal uniform definition of bullying for research and surveillance †¦ there are man y different modes and types of bullying. The current definition acknowledges

Will Love Succeed For The End - 1152 Words

Hunter Watkins Miss Sibbach English IV 10 December, 2014 Will Love Succeed in the End? The superficial characters in the story, The Importance of Being Earnest, fall in love with each other for other reasons than love itself. The importance of the family tradition would include, money, fame, the names glint of wonder, and the wealth of all their past ancestors. This and this alone meets the criteria for these four lovers. So the questions remain throughout the story, will these couples prosper unbroken and sturdy through life’s vigorous struggles? Jack Worthing who held a double life, pursues his reputation as†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Until he seeks to marry Gwendolen, Jack has used Ernest as an escape from real life, but Gwendolen†s fixation on the name Ernest obligates Jack to embrace his deception in order to pursue the real life he desires† (Analysis). Jack Worthing has managed to always get whatever he wanted in life. Unfortunately, this time â€Å"Jack must scramble to reconcile these two worlds, (Ern est / Jack Worthing), he has created for himself and to ultimately receive his full desires by asking Gwendolen Farifax for her hand in marriage, and to finally understand himself.† (Plot Overview) But first he must confess to Gwendolen his real name, Jack Worthing and not Ernest. Unfortunately, for Jack, Gwendolen’s only wants to marry Ernest Worthing, not the man, but the name â€Å"Ernest.† In her eyes the name represents â€Å"Inspires absolute confidence†. (Importance) Gwendolen’s a spoiled little city girl, â€Å"very artificial and pretentious† (Plot Overview) who received everything she wanted. â€Å"Gwendolen, on one hand, confident, worldly, and at home in the big city of London† (Gwendolen). Growing up in London, and raised as an elitists of high society in one of the finest families in London. Gwendolen had a chance to acquire many opportunities for her self-improvement and learn how and what a society lady needs in mar riage. â€Å"Gwendolen must have the perfect proposal performed in the correct manner and must marry a man named Ernest simply

We grieve that the innocent have suffered but we are satisfied that evil has been defeated Free Essays

In the play ‘Othello’ by William Shakespeare it could be said that in the end, despite the killing of Desdemona, Othello and Emilia that, â€Å"we grieve that the innocent have suffered but we are satisfied that evil has been defeated†, but to what extent is this actually true? There is no doubt that ‘Othello’ is full of the suffering of innocence. None more so than the suffering of Desdemona who can be described in no other way than pure and virtuous. At no point in the play can it be said that she shows anything other than these qualities and there really can be no justification for the fate that befalls her. We will write a custom essay sample on We grieve that the innocent have suffered but we are satisfied that evil has been defeated or any similar topic only for you Order Now ‘She is indeed perfection’, which is stated by Cassio, is the perfect description of this woman and yet she arguably suffers most within the text. Not only is her integrity questioned, the man she loves and has given her soul to, denounces her as a ‘whore’ and a ‘strumpet’ and in the end murders her. There is no doubt either that Othello suffers within the play. He is driven to kill Desdemona, the woman he loves, due to the notion that she has lied, cheated and is ultimately a lustful adulteress. His innocence however, could be questioned. The only proof that Desdemona has done the things she had been accused of is that which is in Othellos imagination. He never really has any real proof, just suggestions. It is in fact his jealousy and imagination that makes him believe that Desdemona is an adulteress. Without his jealous tendencies, the seed of suspicion could never have been planted. As well as the circumstances it is a personal failing within Othello himself that leads to the murder of his wife and so therefore he is not completely innocent in his suffering, or that of Desdemona. Despite Othellos already jealous personality playing an important role in the events, it cannot be denied that Iago is the character who initiates, and through exploiting Othellos jealous nature and the naivety of Desdemona, brings about the suffering of all. The blame, to a great extent, lies with Iago. His character is nasty, crude and disrespectful. This is shown in the scene where he encourages Roderigo to inform Brabantio (Desdemonas father) of her where abouts. He says, ‘an old black ram, is tupping your white ewe’, which is an altogether crude and animalistic way to describe the act of love making between two people who are clearly in love. He again uses a vulgar description of the pair when he says, ‘your daughter covered with a Barbary horse’. Despite talking about Othello in this derogatory way he pretends to be his friend throughout the play. He clearly states that ‘I follow him to serve my turn upon him’ and ‘I must show out a flag and sign of love, which is indeed but a sign’, which shows his vindictive and scheming nature. Although he pretends to be a friend to Othello, he is actually only doing it in order to let him suggest that his wife isn’t the women he thought she was. With this in mind, the most truthful words that Iago says are, ‘I am not what I am’. Iago never actually does anything, he doesn’t kill or hurt anyone physically and yet he undoubtedly lies behind the suffering within the play. This makes what he’s doing all the more sinister. His evil nature is unquestionable and so when he is found out at the end of the play it could be said that evil has been defeated. However, Iagos true colours being shown and him being punished hasn’t stopped him doing what he set out to. He has after all still made Othello suffer significantly and in turn got his revenge. In conclusion I feel that although it is true that innocence has suffered a great deal throughout the play, the fact that Othello played a role in his own suffering cannot be over looked. Nor can the question of to what extent he really was innocent in the whole scenario. In addition to this there is the question of, has evil (Iago) really been defeated? I don’t believe that it has, as in my opinion, evil has done what it set out to do and has in fact won. How to cite We grieve that the innocent have suffered but we are satisfied that evil has been defeated, Papers

The Way We Burn free essay sample

I thought I knew what fire was. I saw the little tongues of it on candle wicks, and bonfires fed on newspapers and the snapped arms of trees, and the forest fires that sometimes broke out on I-95, and I thought: it’s all the same. They all start slow, burn fast, burn hard, burn intense and out of control. I watched the liquid, undulating motion of the flames, and saw only hardness, only raw power, only destruction. And I thought: that’s what I must have. The power to change. The power to move people with my words the way fire blisters skin, the way wind manipulates flames. I thought: that’s the only way. And I was wrong. In Advanced Placement U.S. History last year, we watched a video on the Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire, in which one-hundred and twenty-five women burned to death. We saw, in tinny reporter voices and grainy photographs, the girls dying all over again. We will write a custom essay sample on The Way We Burn or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I don’t know how exactly to explain what I felt then. Horrified. Heartbroken. Haunted by girls burned to death and burned into my mind. I went home and spent hours researching the fire, and when I was done I bawled, grieving for a hundred women a hundred years dead. I couldn’t understand what was so strong about that fire, that one event, that burned me on contact. It was tragic, yes. But people die. I know that. Men and women and children are murdered every day, and what happened on March 25th, 1911 was an accident. So why did it effect me so deeply? Why did I feel a stab of mourning a hundred and twenty-five times over? I think I get it now: it wasn’t the women who died—teens my age, girls with beaus, wives with babies—it was the people they left behind. The families that had to rise up from the literal ashes and go on living, reeling and numb with grief. That’s what broke my heart. Not a fire powerful enough to wipe out one-hundred and twenty-five lives in thirty minutes; the dusty, desolate aftermath. It wasn’t the fire that resonated with me, and it wasn’t the fire that killed those girls. The smoke pushed its fingers down their throats and they choked on it. The asphalt below broke their bodies when they threw themselves from the windows. Fear got them before the fire did. Squeezed their hearts so hard they burst, and all the fire got were shells of girls already gone. Fire has power, yes. But there are stronger things. I don’t know that I can pinpoint one moment where I changed my mind—about fire, and power, and what caught my breath an d made my hands shake. It could be me, slumped in my desk in U.S. History, watching the poor-quality video of the Triangle Shirtwaist fire with smoke pouring into the clouds and my heart in my mouth. It is that. That changed me. But there’re more, too. It’s seeing the look in a man’s eyes when his heart is broken. It’s anger that leaves you cold. It’s looking out the backseat window of a ’94 Toyota Corolla with my girlfriends laughing and singing up front, music making my head throb, and the morbid flash: what would happen if we crashed? Picturing the car crumpled with its belly turned up like beetles long dead and the tires spinning, and me still inside with blood on my mouth. It’s the small moments, insignificant lapses in your day that make you who you are. That take you up and change you, irrevocably, forever. Power is more than disturbing pictures, fires that only destroy, music that squeezes your whole body. You don’t get power without feeling. You’ve got to feel it in your bones. It’s got to take your breath and hold it fast. It’s got to shake you to the core. A fire’s only fearsome with fuel at its back. I used to think power was an all-or-nothing game. Either you had it—hot, unyielding, all-encompassing—or you didn’t. I was wrong. I know now that there’s more than one way to burn.

Qilinâ€The Chinese Unicorn

Qilin- The Chinese Unicorn The qilin or Chinese unicorn is a mythical beast that symbolizes good luck and prosperity. According to tradition in China, Korea, and Japan, a qilin would appear to signal the birth or death of a particularly benevolent ruler or sage scholar. Because of its association with good luck, and its peaceful, vegetarian nature, the qilin is sometimes called the Chinese unicorn in the western world, but it does not particularly resemble a horned horse. In fact, the qilin has been depicted in a number of different ways over the centuries. Some descriptions state that it has a single horn in the middle of its forehead- hence the unicorn comparison. However, it may also have the head of a dragon, the body of a tiger or a deer, and an oxs tail. The qilin is sometimes covered with scales like a fish; at other times, it has flames all over its body. In some tales, it can also spout flames from its mouth to incinerate evil people. The qilin is generally a peaceful creature, however. In fact, when it walks it steps so lightly that it doesnt even bend down the grass. It can also walk across the waters surface. History of the Qilin   The qilin first appeared in the historical record with the Zuo Zhuan, or Chronicle of Zuo, which describes events in China from 722 to 468 BCE. According to these records, the first Chinese writing system was transcribed around 3000 BCE from the markings on a qilins back. A qilin is supposed to have heralded the birth of Confucius, c. 552 BCE. The founder of Koreas Goguryeo Kingdom, King Dongmyeong (r. 37-19 BCE), rode a qilin like a horse, according to legend. Much later, during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), we have solid historical evidence of at least two qilin showing up in China in 1413. Actually, they were giraffes from the coast of Somalia; the great admiral Zheng He brought them back to Beijing after his fourth voyage (1413-14). The giraffes were immediately proclaimed to be qilin. The Yongle Emperor was naturally extremely pleased to have the symbol of wise leadership show up during his reign, courtesy of the Treasure Fleet. Although traditional depictions of the qilin had a much shorter neck than any giraffes, the association between the two animals remains strong to this day. In both Korea and Japan, the term for giraffe is kirin, or qilin. Across East Asia, the qilin is one of the four noble animals, along with the dragon, the phoenix, and the tortoise. Individual qilin are said to live for 2000 years and can bring babies to deserving parents much in the manner of storks in Europe. Pronunciation: chee-lihn

Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Energy Flow in Ecosystems If there is only one thing you learn about ecosystems, it should be that all of the living residents of an ecosystem are dependent upon one another for their survival. But what does that dependence look like?   Each organism living in an ecosystem plays an important role in the flow of energy within the food web. The role of a bird is very different from that of a flower. But both are equally necessary to the overall survival of the ecosystem, and all of the other living creatures within it. Ecologists have defined three ways that living creatures use energy and interact with one another. Organisms are defined as producers, consumers, or decomposers. Here is a look at each of these roles and their place within an ecosystem. Producers The main role of producers is to capture the energy from the sun and convert it into food. Plants, algae, and some bacteria are producers. Using a process called photosynthesis, producers use the suns energy to turn water and carbon dioxide into food energy. They earn their name, because- unlike the other organisms in an ecosystem- they can actually produce their own food. Produces are the original source of all food within an ecosystem. In most ecosystems, the sun is the source of energy that producers use to create energy. But in a few rare cases- such as ecosystems found in rocks deep beneath the ground- bacterial producers can use the energy found in a gas called hydrogen sulfide, that is found within the environment, to create food even in the absence of sunlight! Consumers Most organisms in an ecosystem cannot make their own food. They depend upon other organisms to meet their food needs. They are called consumers- because that is what they do- consume. Consumers can be broken down into three classifications: herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. Herbivores are consumers that only eat plants. Deer and caterpillars are herbivores found commonly in a number of environments.Carnivores are consumers that only eat other animals. Lions and spiders are examples of carnivores. There is a special category of carnivore called scavengers. Scavengers are animals that eat only dead animals. Catfish and vultures are examples of scavengers.Omnivores are consumers that eat both plants and animals depending upon the season and availability of food. Bears, most birds, and humans are omnivores. Decomposers Consumers and producers can live together nicely, but after some time, even the vultures and catfish would not be able to keep up with all of the dead bodies that would pile up of the years. Thats where decomposers come in. Decomposers are organisms that break down and feed off of the waste and dead organisms within an ecosystem. Decomposers are natures built-in recycling system. By breaking down materials- from dead trees to the waste from other animals, decomposers return nutrients to the soil and create another food source for herbivores and omnivores within the ecosystem. Mushrooms and bacteria are common decomposers. Every living creature in an ecosystem has a role to play. Without producers, consumers and decomposers would not survive because they would have no food to eat. Without consumers, the populations of producers and decomposers would grow out of control. And without decomposers, producers and consumers would soon become buried in their own waste. Classifying organisms by their role within an ecosystem helps ecologists understand how food and energy ebb and flows in the environment. This movement of energy is usually diagrammed using food chains or food webs. While a food chain shows one path along which energy can move through an ecosystem, food webs show all of the overlapping ways that organisms live with and depend upon one another. Energy Pyramids Energy pyramids are another tool that ecologists use to understand the role of organisms within an ecosystem and how much energy is available at each stage of a food web. Most of the energy in an ecosystem is available at the producer level. As you move up on the pyramid, the amount of available energy decreases significantly. In general, only about 10 percent of the available energy from one level of the energy pyramid transfers to the next level. the remaining 90 percent of energy is either utilized by the organisms within that level or lost to the environment as heat.   The energy pyramid shows how ecosystems naturally limit the number of each type of organism it can sustain. Organisms that occupy the top level of the pyramid- tertiary consumers- have the least amount of available energy. Therefore their numbers are limited by the number of producers within an ecosystem.

Small & Medium Sized Enterprises in an International Environment Essay

Small & Medium Sized Enterprises in an International Environment - Essay Example Center of discussion in this paper are small and medium sized businesses that are imperative to the economy of a country mainly for their roles in job creation, innovation and technological advancement. In recent years, small start-up and even smallest of businesses, particularly those from the high-technology industries are internationalizing at an increased rate. Most of the small businesses are launched with a plan of conducting cross-border business activities. Within the free trade zone of European Union, more efforts are put in to unite the countries both economically and politically and this transition has made tremendous changes in the international business contexts. For small and medium sized businesses, it has become easier for them to broaden their business activities globally, bringing newer opportunities as well as threats. Basically, there are three approaches to the internationalization of small businesses; they are stage approach, network approach and the born global approach. Stage approach states that internalization of small businesses occurs gradually from the domestic marketing through the export as primary mode of entry to another country. The network approach states that internalization of small businesses occurs through developing successful networks of business relationships to facilitate global business operations. Born Global firms are those small businesses that are launched with cross-border business activities in mind. ... ternalization of small businesses occurs through developing successful networks of business relationships to facilitate global business operations (Hynes, 2010, p. 90). Born Global firms are those small businesses that are launched with cross-border business activities in mind (Longenecker, Moore, Petty and Palich, nd, p. 443). In recent years, small businesses that are launched with a view to gradually internationalize the firm’s activities and this has tremendously impacted the roles that are played by the small business in international business contexts. Importance of Small Businesses in International Business Contexts Small Businesses as Engine for Job Creation Out of the 30.23 million businesses in the United States, around 99.7 percent as accounted to be 30.14 million are considered as small businesses (Scarborough, 2011, p. 23). Though they are generally termed as ‘small’ as they employ fewer than 100 employees their contribution to the economy is greater both nationally and internationally. Small and medium sized businesses employ more than 51 percent of the nation’s total private sector workforce, but the assets these small businesses posses are considerably less than big multinational and other businesses (Scarborough, 2011, p. 23). Small businesses are critically important to the economy of a country and the international economy in general due to the roles it plays such as job creation, innovation, long term growth etc. Malchow-Moller, Schjerning and Sorensen (2009, p. 16) asserted that entrepreneurs, especially of the small businesses, are widely believed to play pivotal roles in terms of job creation and wage growth. The father of entrepreneurship, Schumpeter, explained this concept through ‘creative destruction’ as entrepreneurship replace

Southern Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Southern Company - Essay Example Southern Company is an electric utility company headquartered in Atlanta.    The firm possesses electric gadgets in ‘Alabama’, ‘Florida’, ‘Georgia’, and ‘Mississippi’ and services millions of customers. It also provides services in fiber optics and wireless communications fields. The brands of this company are known for their customer service, which is highly excellent, have high reliability standards, and for the best part have priced their retail electric prices below the national average. The hiring system of the company was at the entry level, and individuals were promoted internally for leadership positions to be filled.  Because of this, the company had a very low turnover rate, of which the result was that an older and more tenured workforce was present. After much thought, the Company came up with a group of leaders who had a professional level of business knowledge and were conversant with the company’s organizat ion and culture. In the late 1970s, the company hired a large number of people, and this ensured that by the year 2003, most of those workers who had remained with the company were beginning to face retirement (Goldsmith, Marshall, Carter, Louis, & Best Practice Institute, 2009). The company’s employees had and still have a retirement age of 50 years old, so many executives had to retire in large numbers, and also those who succeeded them would have to follow shortly. With this, the cthis assisted the firm to review and reform their succession planning and leadership development efforts to ensure that they had a well planned from which effective leaders would be able to meet the company’s future business needs. The company’s leadership people formed teams that assisted in the overall ratings. Leaders comprehended what they wanted after the recognizing the performance standards. They were equipped with skills of making employees work outstandingly hard (Goldsmith , Marshall, Carter, Louis, & Best Practice Institute, 2009). Leaders are tasked with the responsibility of ensuring that their companies have the maximum performance ability and also to ensure the effectiveness of the company’s employees. Leaders are tasked with ensuring that employees’ performance is effective, and also should be able to develop and integrate new workers (Cohen, 2007). Developing and retaining of existing workers is also a major concern, while also finding ways to attract skilled workers to a company is another role of a leader. Talent management is the process by which an organization finds ways and means to retain, motivate, attract, engage, train, plan, manage, and most importantly develop individuals who can make the company rise to unimaginable heights in the global market. For every person coming into working economy, they have a particular talent and qualification. The Talent Management program enables these qualifications and talents to be sys tematically used in the operative process of a company. Most companies have a type(s) of employee appraisal system. Many companies are at a disadvantage of experiencing the lack of manual staff evaluation systems. Many individuals have trouble differentiating between performance management and performance appraisal. Performance Management is the process whereby the employees’ activities and outcomes are in line with the company’s objective and also ensures that whatever the outcome and activities involved, they are for the success of

The aim of the experiment is to find out the effect of different :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

The aim of the experiment is to find out the effect of different concentrations of reactants on rate of reaction. Rates of Reaction Aim The aim of the experiment is to find out the effect of different concentrations of reactants on rate of reaction. I will find this out by doing an experiment. The reaction that will be used is: Sodium Thiosulphate + Hydrochloric Acid Na2S2O3 + 2HCl Equipment The equipment I will use to do this experiment is:  · Goggles  · Test tubes  · Beakers  · Hydrochloric Acid  · Sodium Thiosulphate  · Water  · X marked paper Background Information The Collision Theory is when particles collide with enough energy to break their bonds if they are to react. Collision means when two particles hit each other. Breaking a solid exposes new surfaces, the smaller the pieces the greater the surface area. Safety Measures A pair of goggles will be worn in order to protect the eyes. Fair Test In order for my findings to be valid the experiment must be fair. I will use the same standard each time for judging when the X has disappeared. I will make sure that the measuring cylinders for the Hydrochloric acid and Sodium Thiosulphate will not be mixed up. The amount of Hydrochloric acid will be 10cm3 each time. Prediction I predict that by increasing the concentration of one of the reactants the rate of reaction will increase because they are likely to collide quicker. Method I first of all start of by wearing goggles as Hydrochloric Acid is an irritant to the eyes. After that I got all equipment out I needed to perform this experiment. Test Tube Beaker X marked paper I firstly put 10cm3 of hydrochloric acid into the beaker which I measured with the test tube. After I put the x marked paper under the beaker. I then poured in the volume of Sodium Thiosulphate and the concentration of it which was 50cm3. Set off the stopwatch and waited to see when the x marked paper is not visible. I repeatedly did this 3 times for each one. Finally, I recorded the results on a results table. Conclusions My results show that if you add more concentration of sodium Thiosulphate and less water to the hydrochloric acid the particles collide more because so the rate of reaction increases. When I repeated my results and experiment the times were similar meaning that I was very accurate with my experiment and judgement. Evaluation I only really encountered one problem which was do the experiment in the amount of time that was given to us and Sodium Thiosulphate ran out during the experiment but that was quickly resolved as borrowed some of my friend who is also doing the experiment.

The Ipl Was Well Marketed

The IPL was well marketed Not so humble origins: In 2008 the Board of Control for Cricket India, initiated the Indian Premier League (IPL) -a professional league for Twenty20 cricket format competition. But even before its start the IPL was in the news for its altercation between the Indian Cricket League (ICL) started by Subhash Chandra of Zee Telefilms Ltd. The BCCI used many tactics (including threatening players who joined ICL that they would not be picked up for national team, raising prize money, inviting celebrities†¦ to eventually crush the ICL format that had started almost a year before. The constant confrontations between ICL and IPL were perennially in the top news in all the news channels. This along with the fact that it was cricket made sure that the Indian viewer was hooked. The IPL is currently contested by 10 teams consisting of players from around the world. Team Name| City| Owner(s)| Mumbai Indians| Mumbai| Mukesh Ambani (Owners of Reliance Industries)| Royal Challengers Bangalore| Bengaluru| Vijay Mallya (UB Group)| Hyderabad Deccan Chargers| Hyderabad| T. Venkatram Reddy (Deccan Chronicle) group| Chennai Super Kings| Chennai| India Cements| Delhi Daredevils| New Delhi| GMR Group| Kings XI Punjab| Mohali| Ness Wadia, Preity Zinta, Dabur, Apeejay Surendera Group| Kolkata Knight Riders| Kolkata| Red Chillies Entertainment| Rajasthan Royals| Jaipur| Emerging Media (Lachlan Murdoch), Shilpa Shetty, Raj Kundra| Pune Warriors India| Pune| Subrato Roy Sahara| Kochi Tuskers Kerala| Kochi| Kochi Cricket Private Ltd| The Marketing Cocktail: IPL marketing can be a lesson that no publicity is bad publicity. It was Integrated Marketing communication at its best, no channel no mode of communication was left: TV, newspaper, internet, mobiles, every communication was uniform in promoting IPL during its launch and its subsequent seasons. Following is what IPL did right and did differently: 1. The Twenty20 Format It was new, innovative and short (2. 5 hour). What was initially being thought of as a big gamble eventually paid out and many who thought it almost blasphemous to change the format of the â€Å"gentleman’s game† were finally forced to embrace the new format . It changed the feeling of cricket itself, made it fast paced, exciting and appealing. 2. Cricket + Entertainment= great combination There is no doubt that cricket is synonymous with entertainment when it comes to sports, however the IPL form of entertainment brought with it new elements such as Cheerleaders, star studded opening ceremony, loud party music between shots†¦ that made it lot more than just sports. IPL became synonymous with Glitz and glamour both on and off field, matches were even screened in movie halls 3. Celebrities Apart from the celebrity players, the owners and even the brand ambassadors of various teams were flamboyant and contributed to the secondary associations of IPL. There was no dearth of big names as one after the other all famous personalities were roped in to represent the teams. These include Anil Kapoor, Saif Ali Khan, Kareena Kapoor, Hrithik Roshan, Shilpa Shetty, Elizabeth Hurley, Abhishesk Bacchan, Rahul Bose, Katrina Kaif, Deepika Padukone, Saina Nehwal, Farah Khan, Shah Rukh Khan, Preity Zinta, Daler Mehendi, Ila Arun, Juhi Chawla, Karan Johar, Arjun Rampal, Akshay Kumar. . IPL Player Auction Never in history of Indian television had such numbers been rolled out for public viewing. The auction format, wherein players were to be â€Å"auctioned† had considerable shock value for Indian viewers, but it also gave an indication of the big money that was involved in cricket and specially IPL. There was some negative publicity as well like when Saurav Ganguly was not sold off in the auction, but it just added to the ongoing publicity of IPL. Until 2010, IPL also had the Icon Player concept wherein one player in each team earned 15% more than the next highest player in the team. This concept was added as there were some players who if played in some other team would have caused huge disappointment to their fans, like if Sachin Tendulkar played for some other team than Mumbai Indians it wold crush the Mumbai fans. But this was later n removed as it was considered not fair to the icon players. 5. Packaging of the event * In 2010, Google (the company which runs You Tube) wanting to grow the online video market in India, knew that it had to try to grab a share of the TV eyeballs and therefore IPL became the first sporting event ever to be broadcast live on YouTube in association with Indiatimes. * Players from all over the world played alongside Indian players and BCCI made sure that the event got the international recognition and provided the financial backing it needed. The television rights for IPL are with Sony Entertainment television network and World Sport Group (Singapore), they broadcasted the matches the auction etc well. * The media hype was maintained throughout and there were a number of creative ads which popularized the promo of IPL every season. The ads covered different segments of people and had a tinge of humor but they all conveyed the single thought of cricket entertainment to all segments. * Complete use of social media: YouTube, twitter, FaceBook, Wikiped ia and online page. Conclusion: Purists may say that IPL is not cricket, and they may be right. For IPL marketed as the ‘Entertainment ka Baap’ is not just cricket but glamour, fun, sports and experience all rolled into one and for once the promise was delivered. References: 1. http://blog. abhinav. com/dlf-ipl-%E2%80%93-a-lesson-in-marketing-and-branding/ 2. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Indian_Premier_League#History 3. http://marketerskaleidoscope. com/2010/03/the-real-story-about-why-youtubes-streaming-the-ipl-cricket-tournament/ 4. http://marketingteacher. com/swot/indian-premier-league-swot. html

Literary Devices in Romeo and Juliet - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 651 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Romeo and Juliet Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? Romeo and Juliet is a mandatory part of a 9th graders English Curriculum, meaning 4 million students will read and evaluate one of William Shakespeare’s most famous plays each year. Romeo and Juliet is required in schools across America and even Canada so students can learn Old English while reading a beautiful story where challenging literary devices are used. William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet uses metaphors, symbolism, and dramatic irony to create more meaning in this play, initially generating a more poignant story for readers throughout America. Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet uses metaphors to compare unlike things, causing great thought and analysis throughout his work. An example of a metaphor used in Romeo and Juliet is â€Å"As I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee,† (Shakespeare 1.1.72). Tybalt is comparing hell to all of the people with the name Montague, especially Benvolio, saying how he hates them all as much as he hates hell. Another use of metaphors in Romeo and Juliet is when Romeo says â€Å"It is the East, and Juliet is the sun,† (Shakespeare 2.2.3). Here Romeo is calling Juliet the sun, saying how bright and glorious she is in his eyes. Metaphors are just one of several literary devices used in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare uses sybolism as a way of expressing more than what is being said by the characters, causing readers to stop and think about his words. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Literary Devices in Romeo and Juliet" essay for you Create order An example of symbolism used in the text of Romeo and Juliet is â€Å"Where underneath the grove of a sycamore,† (Shakespeare 1.1.123). The tree in the forest symbolizes isolation in this scene. Romeo is by himself lamenting about how he cannot be with Rosaline, causing a great deal of sadness for Romeo. Symbolism adds more thought to the process of what is being said, for example, â€Å"Give this ring to my true knight,† (Shakespeare 3.3.156). Juliet is telling Nurse to give her ring to Romeo as a sign of her love for him, even if he brutally killed her cousin Tybalt hours before. Symbolism is such an important literary device used in Romeo and Juliet, it adds more value to ordinary objects and leaves readers on the edge of their seats throughout the play. In Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet dramatic irony is used to increase the magnitude of emotion and energy in the audience by having the characters know less than the patrons do. Dramatic irony is a very common literary device used in Romeo and Juliet, an example is â€Å"Marry, my child, early next Thursday morn,† (Shakespeare 3.5.127). Lady Capulet is clueless about Juliet’s marriage to Romeo, causing quite a problem throughout this piece of work, making the audience even more intrigued by the oblivious characters. Another example of dramatic irony in Romeo and Juliet is on Juliet’s and Paris’ wedding day, â€Å"Come, is the bride ready to go to church?† (Shakespeare 4.5.39). Friar Lawrence and the patrons know that Juliet has drunk a potion to get out of this marriage, while everyone else thinks she is dead, causing a huge disturbance throughout Verona. Her parents are mourning her death while Friar is waiting for her true lover Romeo to rescue her from her terrible life. Dramatic irony is another crucial literary device used in Romeo and Juliet, causing the most conflict throughout Shakespeares work. In Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, there are multiple significant literary devices used including metaphors, symbolism, and dramatic irony, which all help bring a very moving story to 9th graders in America. Metaphors, symbolism, and dramatic irony are very important literary devices used in Romeo and Juliet. They have also been used in countries around the world throughout history. These three literary devices are a very crucial part of William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. They are scattered throughout this significant piece of work, helping the author tell a touching story to all of its readers since 1595.

Creating and maintaining customer loyalty - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5201 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? CREATING CUSTOMER LOYALTY   THE CHALLENGE OF TODAYà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S BUSINESSES ABSTRACT This research considers the challenge of todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s businesses in creating and maintaining customer loyalty. The supermarket sector in particular is considered. Literature and previous research regarding loyalty and various loyalty programmes is first reviewed. A focus group of consumers and loyalty card users was held, focusing on their perception of loyalty and loyalty programmes. Results from the focus group were analysed and compared to data from literature and previous research. Overall conclusions from combined research are that loyalty reward schemes are no longer as effective as when first introduced at directly influencing participant behaviour. Consumers tended to be first most loyal to particular products within a store, then loyal to a specific store in their community, whether part of a national chain or not. Consumers were somewhat loyal to retailer brand and less so to particular reward schemes. In general, consumers favoured either lower overall prices or loyalty reductions at the register, rather than point accumulation programmes. INTRODUCTION This study seeks to consider the components that create customer loyalty, and in particular whether loyalty reward schemes are an effective tool in creating loyalty. Literature and previous studies of customer loyalty in general and loyalty reward schemes in particular were reviewed. Considerations were made with specific reference to the supermarket sector, because it is a market highly dependent on repeat-purchases and customer loyalty, and as an industry has participated in loyalty reward schemes. A focus group was then developed of supermarket consumers and loyalty reward programme participants. These consumers were asked a series of open-ended questions, which they then discussed. Their answers were recorded and grouped, where applicable. Findings were analysed and presented in summary form, with quantitative data available in Appendix 1 of this study. This research hopes to verify what components create customer loyalty, and how they affect each other and the consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perception of loyalty to a store or retail brand. It is also anticipated to generate relevant data regarding consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ attitudes towards loyalty reward schemes. Much of the data attesting to the effectiveness of such data is from three or more years ago, and does not take into consideration the market saturation existing in the loyalty scheme sector, or that the novelty of such programmes has worn off for some consumers. It is anticipated that other, more traditional factors may be found to be more important in creating and maintaining customer loyalty than the reward schemes introduced in the past fifteen years. LITERATURE REVIEW Loyalty is both a business strategy and a consumer perception. As a business strategy, the importan ce of customer loyalty and repeat purchases is relative to the type of business (Fill 2004). The need for retuning customers is less important to a firm selling retirement cottages, for example, than the supermarket trying to capture customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ weekly spend. Loyalty is earned through several factors: quality merchandise for a reasonable price, company or label status, attentive informed sales help, and adequate after sale follow-up. A positive combination of these factors (not every loyalty-building purchase requires all four) gives customers the perception of a fulfilling purchase experience, and increases the likelihood they will buy again (Uncles, Dowling and Hammond 2003). Research has shown the customer experiences loyalty as an attitude established over time (Woodruff and Gardial 1996). Customers first try a particular retailer. If the retailer satisfies a threshold percentage of their needs and expectations, the customer is likely to return (Woodruff and G ardial 1996). Over time, the customer develops shopping habits related to the particular store, which may include but are not limited to location of particular products in the store, purchase of store brands, participation in reward schemes, low-context relationships with store personnel, habitual stops at the store (such as on the way home from work), and participation in various secondary services (such as purchasing cosmetic items or using an in-shop florist). The store-specific shopping experience becomes a customer habit, and will continue in the form of repeat-purchase behaviour until something occurs to affect the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s habit (Woodruff and Gardial 1996). A number of studies by both stores and independent researchers have focused on this process of customer loyalty, with the explosive growth in loyalty reward schemes in recent years a particular consideration. In the past ten years, the UK retail sector has seen loyalty programmes grow from a handful t o over sixty (Byrom, Hernadez and Benison 2001). Where once grocers competed with perhaps one or two other stores in their immediate geographic area, the instruction of large national chains and superstores has created an oligopoly environment in the sector (Mistry 2005). As differentiation is difficult and repeat-purchase customers vital in the supermarket sector, loyalty programmes were started to try to win new customers by breaking their prior shopping habits, to retain existing customers, and to encourage customers to consolidate their spend at one market (Shabi 2003). There are three primarily types of loyalty programmes. Some loyalty schemes are offered by a specific manufacturer, and award discounts or rewards solely for the purchase of products made by that firm. Schemes that require a consumer to save box-tops or points from the side of the carton are an example of this type of loyalty programme. Some retailers issue cards, which provide consumers discounts at the regis ter or allow them to accumulate points towards a discount or special purchase. Points or discounts may only be earned and redeemed at that particular retailer. The Somerfield Saver Card is an example of this type of loyalty programme. A third type of loyalty scheme is the multi-retailer card, such as the Nectar card. This allows consumers to receive discounts or accumulate points at a number of partnering retailers. Supermarkets either operate their own retailer-specific loyalty programme or participate in a multi-retailer scheme (Uncles, Dowling and Hammond 2003 ). Loyalty cards have been shown to draw new customers, primarily by offering them a reason to try another store. The cards also have been shown to increase purchase consolidation, with customers using loyalty reward cards increasing their average spend by sixteen to twenty-eight percent (Rowley 2005). It is important to note these results were more strongly documented at the outset of the loyalty schemes, recent data in dicates loyalty programmes are less successful at all three than when the schemes were first implemented (Rowley 2005). Loyalty cards are now viewed as supplementary in customer acquisition and retention; cards canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t replace quality product, low price, or responsive, professional staff (Mistry 2005). The most significant benefit to retailers of loyalty reward schemes is the data gathered by such programmes. This data can be used for a loyalty strategy, but is of possibly more benefit to retailers in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market as a market analysis tool (Fill 2004). Some supermarkets use the data for decisions that do affect customer loyalty, such as which products to carry or where to shelve products (Shabi 2003). These decisions usually have an ulterior motive of profit, however. A supermarket is likely to plan its products, presentation, and prices for the shopper who regularly buys high-return items. The store is unlikely to make decisions to encourage loy alty from the shopper who only purchases items on sale or those with little profit margin. Stores interested in high-quality, detailed market analysis should definitely consider loyalty reward programmes as one very effective way to gather such data. However, stores truly aiming at customer loyalty will place loyalty reward programmes in a category of less importance (Shabi 2003). Loyalty has been shown to develop over time through quality products, reasonable prices, and service that meets or exceeds customer expectations (Brassington and Pettitt 2003). These expectations are of particular importance. For loyalty to build, store marketing must fit with its products and services to offer a shopping experience that meets or exceeds customer expectation. For example, the expectations of a customer at Tesco are different from the expectations of a customer at Asda. Asda is a discount supermarket, and customer expectations hinge greatly on price. Tesco, on the other hand, markets its elf on value and service. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“No-one tries harder for their customers,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Tesco claims, we à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“treat people how we like to be treatedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Tesco 2005). It is important to develop marketing strategy, including the loyalty component, based on clear differentiation between stores, and resulting creation of realistic customer expectation (Fill 20 04). In the end, loyalty returns to the three components of product, price, and people. If all three of these are adequately executed and realistically communicated to the customer, loyalty will develop over time. METHODS AND METHODOLOGY Two main types of data analysis were performed in the course of this research. The first was secondary research, reviewing findings from previous studies of loyalty and loyalty schemes. This was taken from recent literature, including journals, news articles, websites, and books. It included literature related to loyalty schemes and customer loyalty in gen eral, as well as research focused specifically on the grocery and supermarket sector. Retailers in general and supermarkets in particular were found to broadly support loyalty programmes. Studies indicate they believe these schemes encouraged shoppers to spend more at their stores. More importantly, loyalty schemes generated data that could be used for both broad and detailed market analysis. Both of these were seen as being valuable to retailers. There was concern loyalty schemes were not as effective as they were a few years ago, and that retailers have begun rewarding customers for purchases they would have made regardless of loyalty rewards. Overall, loyalty as a concept was seen as actions resulting from attitude toward and perceptions of a particular store or brand. On a retailer level, it included loyalty reward programmes in combination with the service, product selection, and price provided by the supermarket. These factors together led to a gradual development of loyalt y to a particular store. Information culled from this initial study revealed that consumers also perceive loyalty cards and programmes as being beneficial to them. However, there is evidence of some market saturation in the loyalty sector. Consumers were not as influenced in their shopping habits as they were several years ago. In addition, repeat-purchase shopping (such as at the supermarket, where the customer buys a similar trolley each week) was most affected by product loyalty, followed distantly by store loyalty and retailer brand loyalty. With a few exceptions, loyalty programmes were not considered a comparatively major component of the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s purchase decision. The above information was used to develop a plan for a consumer and loyalty card user focus group to consider loyalty and supermarket retailers. It was hoped the group would reinforce and add to the findings of previous research. A series of questions was developed regarding brand loyalty, store loyalty, participation in loyalty schemes, benefits and drawbacks of loyalty programmes, how brand and store loyalty could be increased, how loyalty schemes could be improved, and perceptions and recommendations regarding privacy and loyalty programmes. The group began with a short questionnaire to gather some basic demographic and loyalty data. Participants were then asked to introduce themselves and share the information on the questionnaire with the group. Finally, the format of the focus group was explained. The group was tape-recorded, with an observer also making notes during the session. Participants were asked a series of questions by the moderator (not one of the twelve participants), and given approximately ten minutes to discuss each question. Each was provided the complete list of questions in print before the moderator began. These were open questions, with no sample answers provided, which allowed recording of participantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ uninfluenced opinio ns and perceptions. These responses were later grouped, where appropriate. For some questions, participants could make multiple responses; the nature of other questions required them to generate a single response. The group occasionally drifted off the subject presented, and in these cases the moderator asked follow-up or redirecting questions when necessary during the group session. Both the moderator and research observer were careful not to influence participant input by affirming or opposing their contributions; questions, including follow-up and redirecting, were open ended. For example, the moderator would ask à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“What is your perception of privacy guarantees offered by those controlling loyalty data?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  rather than à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Are you concerned about violations of privacy by those controlling loyalty data?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It is important to note an issue of group dynamics that effected quantitative results. First, there were three fairly domin ant members of the group who occasionally tried to influence other group members to agree with one or more of them. In these instances, the research observerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s notes, in combination with the tape recording of the session, were used to determine whether the participant had willingly changed his or her view, or appeared to be placating a dominant group member. For example, one younger woman originally stated Somerfield was her favourite loyalty programme, because à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“you donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have to fiddle with points or keep track of them.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  She lucidly went on to explain her distasted for tracking and redeeming points in other loyalty schemes. She was opposed, however, by a middle-aged woman, who forcibly countered each of the younger womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reasons, with an implication that tracking and redeeming points was easy and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ shouldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t bother anyone.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The younger woman finally change d her favourite loyalty scheme to Tesco, the same one as the middle-aged woman, but it appeared she did so more to avoid conflict than as a conscious change of opinion. Where this type of group dynamic was observed, notations were added to data (see Appendix 1). Two forms of data were collected from the group. Membersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ answers to each question generating numeric responses were quantified and recorded. The numeric information from these answers appears in Appendix 1 of this research. For questions soliciting names or descriptions, the most common cited were listed. Where participants did not respond to a specific question or responded in such a way that quantification was not possible, their response section was left blank. These blanks were not considered in data calculations. Items recorded were offered by group participants in response to open-ended questions; no questions offered answers. Secondly, specific comments that the researcher considered particularly relevant were noted for each question. These are used to reinforce numeric data, and are included where appropriate in the Results and Analysis section of this study. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS The consumer and loyalty card user focus group consisted of twelve adults, ages twenty-two to sixty-seven. There were five men and seven women; nine of the participants were currently married or living together and seven had children at home. One participant had an elderly parent in their care. There were no couples within the group, those with spouses attended without them. Six participants stated they did all the grocery shopping in their households, three did at least half of the shopping, and three shopped occasionally. One group member was not enrolled in any loyalty programmes, although he stated he believed his wife had had a Safeway ABC card at one time. Two group members had more than ten loyalty cards; the average number of cards per participant was 7.3. The most common loyalty sche mes participants were enrolled in were Tesco Clubcard, Nectar, Somerfield Saver, and Boots Advantage. The questions first dealt with whether participants were most loyal to product manufacturer, particular store, store brand (chain), or loyalty programme. Group members stated strong manufacturer preference on certain products, but not on others. Several participants stated they or members of their households would only use one brand of coffee or ketchup, for example. This applied to individual products by individual manufacturers, and appeared highly personal taste. This type of loyalty did not appear to affect the overall shopping experience or retailer loyalty, except in combination with price differentiation. Enough specific manufacturer products offered at a lower price were recognised as a reason to change supermarkets. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“If a new store opened with what we buy for less, of course Ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢d change.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Indeed, eleven indicated they were qui te wiling to jump ship if another store offered the same manufacturerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s products at lower pri ces. The individual store was slightly more important than retailer brand. This was most important to one participant who shopped at a non-chain local grocer. This gentleman stated he was retired, and he and his wife shop several times each week. They particularly appreciated conversations with store personnel, some of whom they have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“known for years.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Seeing friends and neighbours was also an important part of the manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shopping experience. The social and proximity aspects of the local grocer were the most important to generating store loyalty for this participant. Another participant who found individual store most important was a young woman with three small children. She indicated the convenience of the store to her home and accommodations for the children such as special trolleys were significant in her shopping decision . It would appear from these two examples that individual store loyalty is enhanced by specific services and pe rsonal relationship. There was significant variety amongst participants in the number of supermarkets they visited regularly. One group member shopped at four to six different supermarkets in any given month. She indicated she did this to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“get the good sales. You can save on different [products] at each.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Three group members regularly shop at three different supermarkets, for the same reason. Most group members indicated they shopped at two supermarkets, usually one chain or major retailer for the bulk of their shopping and a local grocer for the occasional item between major shopping trips. One participant only shopped at a store near her home, citing convenience as the primary cause of her shopping decision. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be bother to go all over for 50p.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  None of the participants recognised the nee d of a jolt or catalyst of some kind to change their shopping habits. Analysing these preferences, the shopper who frequented four to six supermarke ts would be the most likely to try a new store, but the most expensive to acquire as a customer who bought their entire trolley there. To keep her and most of her spend, the supermarket would have to provide extensive selection yet significantly under price its competitors on almost every item, which given the narrow profit margin on many food items is unlikely. The majority of participants, who shopped at two stores each month, would be the target customers in a loyalty change. The retailer would have to first lure them over to the new store, then keep them shopping there for a long enough period of time until a new shopping habit was established. While loyalty reward programmes accomplished this in the 1990s, it is questionable whether one would do so now, unless it offered tremendous savings. The cost to the retailer to offer such sa vings would then call into question the benefit of such program, particularly regarding short-term profitability. Only one participant was most influenced by retailer brand. This man, who is single without children, also indicated a high preference for online shopping. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“At Sainsbury onlineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ you can get wine delivered to your door.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  He also listed brand selection at any Sainsbury store as a positive factor in his shopping decision, as was similar layouts store to store, which made it easier to quickly find his products of choice. An insightful comment was made by one participant that perhaps this is why many national chains look the same inside and out. He felt this could be a way of encouraging customers to shop there, as it looks just like another store by the same retailer that they frequent. There was some discussion of negative perceptions related to retailer brand. One participant recounted a rude experience at Tesco, which influ ences her decision not to shop there anymore. Some indicated they did not shop discount supermarkets due to lack of desired products and manufacturers; although there was no particular consensus as to which particular products and manufacturers were most desirable. The perceived status of shopping at a particular retailer (primarily negative in relation to discount supermarkets), store cleanliness, and quality of store brands were all discussed. None of the participants cited loyalty programmes as their prime determinate of shopping choice, although all found some benefit in such schemes. Saving money was the prime benefit, with special offers in exchange for points a distant second. Additionally, benefits were described as less of an incentive than when loyalty schemes were first introduced. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I used to pay more attention to points and such. Not so much now. If youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ve a card for everywhere, it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t matter so much where you shop. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Eight group members preferred reward schemes that gave discounts directly at the time of purchase. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Somerfield has good produce, and you donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have to earn pointsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ They give the discount when you buy.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This was significant as the most popular loyalty schemes cited by group members were those requiring redeeming points rather than those offering discount at time of purchase. Three participants preferred point reward schemes, primarily due to larger rewards. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Boots gives 4p. It doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t get better. One group member had no preference regarding either scheme. The prime drawbacks of loyalty schemes included having to count and redeem points, forgetting the card, and privacy concerns. The first two of these were not presented as major drawbacks, but more as minor irritations. Four group members disliked having to earn a certain number of points to quality for a reward, as well as the process of redeeming their rewards. It is significant that all four stated this did not keep them from participating in points-earned reward programmes. Privacy, however, was a concern amongst at least six of the participants, who felt the programmes collected a significant amount of information. Only one of these indicated he felt the information to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Very personal,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  whilst ten participants found the information to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Somewhat personal.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It is of note that participants first discussed the amount of information collected, then how personal the information. Several group members became more concerned about privacy as the conversation progressed. This was particularly true of three group members who appeared to have little recollection or had not much considered the information they were revealing to loyalty card retailers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Did you have to put your employment on the application? I donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ ž ¢t remember that. It was so long ago.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“But theyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re not allowed to put it out, are they?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Several agreed they were more aware of privacy issu es since Home Secretary David Blunkett brandished a Nectar card and raised the issue earlier this year. Most group members found the organisations that control loyalty data to be at least à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Somewhat trustworthy,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  although none could name the controlling bodies of Nectar or other multi-retailer programmes, when this was brought up by a group member. As discussion progressed, several participants indicated they were more comfortable with an individual retailerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s loyalty scheme than one run by a third-party company. None indicated, however, that this concern had or would affect their purchasing and shopping decisions. Participants believed the main use of loyalty cards was to encourage them to shop more at a particular store. They felt the store then rewarded them for spending more money. Discussion at one point drifted off into how much reward was offered by different stores. The conversation then moved to the targeted advertisements and coupons all participants agreed they had received in one form or another. Of note the group member who did not have any loyalty cards also indicated he received some targeted advertising, although he could not trace it to a loyalty scheme. Most participants found these advertisements helpful, and believed they assisted in increasing store loyalty. One participant was somewhat offended by the mailings, although she used the coupons and sales information provided to plan her purchase decisions. Two participants did not comment during the discussion. There was brief mention of using information from loyalty cards to plan sales at the close of the dis cussion. It is of note that none of the participants mentioned customer profiling or data analysis as a reason for loyalty schemes. T hey were much more focused on reasons that truly influenced customer loyalty. Group members felt that price and product were the two keys to improving customer loyalty, with eleven mentioning price and ten mentioning higher quality products as leading to improvements in loyalty. Participants stated they also preferred discounts at the register as the means of receiving loyalty rewards, although most shopped supermarkets with points earned towards rewards schemes rather than those with discounts. Several mentioned the need for courteous and informed staff, particularly who could and would assist customers when asked to do so. One participant had had a particularly unpleasant experience in a dirty store during a visit out of town, and mentioned she would never go in that particular store again. CONCLUSION This research set out to evaluate how loyalty was created, focusing on the supermarket industry and their use of loyalty reward programmes. Literature and previous research on loyalty, loyalty reward schemes, and the supermarket sector was reviewed to achieve an overview of topics, controversies, and trends. A focus group of supermarket consumers was then developed and held to discuss loyalty and loyalty-related issues. The focus group consisted of twelve participants, who discussed questions presented by a moderator. The questions were open, requiring the participants to generate answers rather than pick from a list. Data gathered from the participantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ discussions was quantified, analysed and presented. The most significant finding was that group members considered quality and price, and to some extent service, as more important to customer loyalty than loyalty programmes. Most used loyalty cards during their regular food shopping, but indicated the cards were more likely to reward them for something they would do regardless, rather than be a catalyst for new or changed behaviour. This finding suggests loyalty card schemes should not be viewed as a way to build customer loyalty so much as a way to access valuable, relevant customer and market data. This places loyalty reward programmes at a different position within organisationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ marketing and loyalty strategies. Another finding was the importance of loyalty to manufacturers of specific products. This was by far the most passionate of all the group discussions. While most participants were only strongly motivated by a few products, their loyalty to these products was high. The group had lengthy discussion of coffee and ketchup, in particular. After manufacturer product, the group was most loyal to individual store, rather than retailer brand. Personal relationships, special services, and convenience were all factors in loyalty to a particular store location. Most participants focused on the benefits of loyalty programmes, with little awareness of how their privacy could be violated or information misused. They did state they felt some what safe with the amount of information and personal nature of the information they had provided to loyalty programme operators. All group members except one agreed that quality products at a lower price would cause them change stores. Quality of product was stated to be more important than selection within the supermarket sector, although none of the participants stated they had experienced significant selection issues in the past, so this may not have been properly considered. In general, these two components were considered the basis for establishing and improving customer loyalty. Loyalty programmes were simply icing on the cake, so to speak. Group members preferred loyalty programmes that gave them discounts at the register to those that accrued points, if the value of the rewards were equal. Otherwise they preferred the programme that provided the highest reward. Staff and service were also recognised as important contributors to store loyalty. Overall, product, price a nd service were seen as the keys to customer loyalty by group members. Loyalty reward programmes were appreciated, but not considered primary in creating or maintaining customer loyalty. BIBLIOGRAPHY Brassington, F., and Pettitt S. (2003). The Principles of Marketing, 3rd Edition. Financial Times Management, London. Byrom, J. (2001). The role of loyalty card data within local marketing initiatives. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 333-342 Byrom, J., Hernandez, T., Bennison, D. (2001). Exploring the geographical dimension in loyalty card data. Marketing Intelligence Planning, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 162-170. Cross, R., and Smith, J. (1995). Customer Bonding. NTC Publishing, Lincolnwood, IL, USA. Fill, C. (2004). Marketing Communication: Contexts, Concepts and Strategy. Prentice Hall, London. Graeff, T., Harmon, S. (2002). Collecting and using personal data: consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ awareness and concerns. Journal of Co nsumer Marketing, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 302-318. Mistry, B., (2005). A question of loyalty. Marketing, London, 2 March 2005 [online]. Available at www.emeraldinsight.com, accessed 26 March 2005. Quilter, J., (2005). Why Boots must take Advantage of its data. Precision Marketing, London, 11 February 2005, p. 11. Rowley, J. (2005). Building brand webs: Customer relationship management through the Tesco Clubcard loyalty scheme. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 194-206. Shabi, R. (2003). The card up their sleeve. The Guardian, London, 19 July 2003 [online]. Available at www.guardian.co.uk, accessed 26 March 2005. Tesco (2005). Tesco. Company website. Available at www.tesco.com, accessed 26 March 2005. Uncles, M., Dowling, G., Hammond, K. (2003). Customer loyalty and customer loyalty programs. Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 294-316. Woodruff, R., and Gardial, S. (1996). Know your customer: New approaches to understanding customer value and satisfaction. Blackwell, Oxford. APPENDIX 1 FOCUS GROUP QUESTIONS AND RESULTS 1.What is more important to you, the particular manufacturer of product you purchase, prices of products at a store, the specific store in which you shop, the retailer or chain of store in which you shop, or the loyalty reward programme available at a retailer? Prices5 Manufacturer (product selection)4 Specific store2 Retailer / chain1 Loyalty programme0 2.Who are your favourite manufacturer(s)? Favourite supermarkets? Favourite loyalty programmes? Manufacturers: Various too many to group / list Supermarkets: Tesco4**Note: One participant had Boots3two favourites. Sainsbury2 Somerfield1 Asda1 Other2* Loyalty programmes:Tesco7 Boots Advantage3 Nectar1 Somerfield1 Note: One participant recorded for Tesco originally cited Somerfield. 3.At how many supermarkets do you regularly shop (more than once per month)? Four or more1 Three3 Two 7 One1 4.What might influence you to shop at a different store or try a different manufacturerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s product? Price9 Quality of products9 Coupon or discount7 Recommendation from friend / relative5 Advertisement4 Convenience2 5.What type of loyalty programme do you prefer? Discount at time of purchase8 Accumulating points3 No preference1 6.What do you think are the benefits of loyalty reward schemes? Saving money12 Special offers 5 7.What are the drawbacks? Privacy10 Keeping track of points 4 Having to carry the card 1 8.How much information do you think shops collect through loyalty schemes? Significant information7 Some information3 Little information0 Not sure2 Note: Four participants were originally à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Not Sure.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Two participants who first stated they were à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Not Sureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  changed their opinion through the cour se of group discussion, one to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Some Informationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and one to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Significant Information.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  9.How do you think they use this information? Encourage customer to buy there8 Send advertisements5 Decide which items to put on sale4 10.How personal do you consider data that could be collected through loyalty schemes? Very personal 1 Somewhat personal10 Not personal 0 Not sure 1 11.What is your perception of privacy guarantees offered by those controlling loyalty data? Very trustworthy1 Somewhat trustworthy8 Not trustworthy2 Not sure1 12.If you were a retailer, what would you do to improve customer loyalty? Lower prices11 Higher quality products10 Discounts at register 9 More products 4 Train staff (courtesy) 4 Clean store 1 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Creating and maintaining customer loyalty" essay for you Create order

The Interpretation Of Fulfillment And Fulfillment

Our Interpretation of Fulfillment Everyone wishes to achieve complete fulfillment, but what makes up fulfillment for each person often differs. In theory, everyone is chasing the same state of being, fulfillment, but people have different perceptions of what fulfillment is. Many philosophers have debated the idea of reaching fulfillment, and many of them disagree on what human fulfillment truly consists of. Some believe that fulfillment can fully be realized in this life, while others believe that it cannot be achieved in this life, and can only be achieved in a next life. In The Handbook, Epictetus, claims that fulfillment can be reached in this life, because human fulfillment consists of tranquility, which can be maintained in this life. On the contrary, in the Summa Theologica, Thomas states that fulfillment consists in the vision of the divine essence, which cannot be fully actualized in this life, so we cannot reach complete fulfillment in this life according to Thomas. 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