Childrens Beauty Pageants Essay -- essays research papers fc

Its 7OO A.M. on a Saturday, kids everywhere are just waking up ready to crack their favorite line up of Saturday morning cartoons. Marie, a iv year old fry, is preparing for her long weekend of make-up, hairspray, and gowns. Marie is one of many children who are forced by over-demanding parents who pressure their young and innocent children into many beauty pageants each year, and its wrong. Beauty pageants first originated in Atlantic City. It was a marketing tool to make tourists gentle in town longer (Banet-Weiser). News struck about this beauty pageant and the local news paper headlined The next Miss America. As beauty pageants grew popular, a Little Miss America was started for parents who wanted their children in the contest.The average beauty pageant costs about $655 which includes the formal wear, sports wear and dancing (A&E). The average cost does not include travel, hotel and food, which send packing be up to an extra two hundred dollars and in some cases dresses for formal and sports wear can cost up to $12,000 with a minimum of $1500 (A&E). With the vast amount of expenses spent the pressure to win becomes more intense, leaving no room for mistakes. A four year old child should not have to go through the burden of a beauty pageant. Preparing for a pageant requires time and patience, hair endure around an hour and forty-five minutes, make-up around an hour, and different performances that require some participants to practice for about seven hours a week (A&E). All of this is not healthy at a young age. During these pageants children are judged by the following modeling sportswear and evening wear, how well they dance, and how much talent they have. They are excessively judged by their looks how well they perform, and how confident they appear.Approximately 250,000 children participate in pageants each year (Wolf). Mothers who have children in beauty pageants argue that their children gains a boost of impudence through performing in front o f crowds. They are also more socially comfortable around other people, and their children mature at a young age than normal children do. Isnt seeing a child growing old before my eyes a bad thing. What parent wants to see their child grow up any... ...m have finished with the first of three long days. She looks at her mom with teary eyes as she walks off stage release handed. She feels that she has failed her mom and herself. Children at such a young age are very fragile, the do not have the experience to learn that they are lighten a worthy person even if they lose. Marie sees all of the other children leaving with trophies running towards their parents to give them a hug. As she walks of the stage with nothing and see the confusion of her parents as they turn away. If that isnt wrongthen what is?Works CitedA&E. Inside Story Baby Beauty Queens Banet-Weiser, Sarah. The Most Beautiful little girl in the World Beauty Pageants and National Identity. Berkley University of Californ ia Press 1999. Cawthorne, Andrew. Miss World to emerge from the shadow of deaths, (website) http/http//www.tiscali.co.uk. Date published 5/12/2002 1844 Lester, Time. Venzuela Beauty. Foreign Correspondent, (Dated aired) 03/16/2005. Wolf, Naomi. The Beauty Myth. London Vintage 1990, pg. 288.

Blacks in 1960 Essay -- essays research papers

"Blacks are breach off in 1999 than they were in 1960."After the Civil War, many amendments were passed in order to better represent blacks in America. The 13th, 14th and 15th amendments all changed blacks lives drastically and positively. The 13th amendment ended slavery and the 14th declared blacks as citizens. The fifteenth amendment stated that anyone foundation vote, regardless of wile or race. hitherto, the South devised poll taxes and literacy tests in a successful attempt at preventing blacks from voting. But in 1964, after a competent number of states sign an amendment proposed by Congress, the tables turned for blacks. The 24th amendment banned poll taxes. The voting act of 1965 banned the use of literacy tests related to voting. Voting gave blacks a regularize in governance and helped rise the moral of blacks in America.Before 1960, De-jure (legal) segregation existed. The "Jim Crowe laws" racially segregated public places in the South. This degrad ed blacks to poor public accommodations and an middle-level feeling from whites. However in 1964, the U.S. attorney general brought cases to court that dealed with any individual that was receiving unfair violations of civil rights. The discriminatory acts that were banned with the Civil Rights Act of 1964No diversity in restaurants, hotels, gas stations, etc.No discrimination in the government, federal run public accommodations like public parks and poolsNo discrimination in federally support... Blacks in 1960 Essay -- essays research papers "Blacks are better off in 1999 than they were in 1960."After the Civil War, many amendments were passed in order to better represent blacks in America. The 13th, 14th and 15th amendments all changed blacks lives drastically and positively. The 13th amendment ended slavery and the 14th declared blacks as citizens. The fifteenth amendment stated that anyone can vote, regardless of color or race. However, the South devise d poll taxes and literacy tests in a successful attempt at preventing blacks from voting. But in 1964, after a sufficient number of states ratified an amendment proposed by Congress, the tables turned for blacks. The 24th amendment banned poll taxes. The voting act of 1965 banned the use of literacy tests related to voting. Voting gave blacks a say in government and helped rise the moral of blacks in America.Before 1960, De-jure (legal) segregation existed. The "Jim Crowe laws" racially segregated public places in the South. This degraded blacks to poor public accommodations and an inferior feeling from whites. However in 1964, the U.S. attorney general brought cases to court that dealed with any individual that was receiving unfair violations of civil rights. The discriminatory acts that were banned with the Civil Rights Act of 1964No discrimination in restaurants, hotels, gas stations, etc.No discrimination in the government, federal run public accommodations like public p arks and poolsNo discrimination in federally support...

The History of Puerto Rican Migration :: Historical Puerto Rico Immigration Essays

The History of Puerto Rican Migration Through out the twentieth century Puerto Rican immigrants have played a major role in the United States labor advertize, cultural identity, and in politics. From the 1920s, when the cigar makers waged their union battles, attracting the attention of other trade unions to Puerto Rican workers. Today the Puerto Rican Political Action delegation of Connecticut (PRPAC) is a major player in state politics, by supporting candidates and getting the Puerto Rican community involved in the elections of the state, but also the urban center of Hartford. In the Memoirs of Bernardo Vega A Contribution to the History of the Puerto Rican Community in New York, Vega talk about finding a voice for the laborers of the city and fighting for touch opportunity for all workers. In Jose Cruzs Identity and Power Puerto Rican Politics and the Challenge of Ethnicity, he talks about in todays lodge how Puerto Ricans must stay together in the battle to be heard by the go vernment. As a result of protests against the imprisonment of Eugene V. Debs, a massive pick out broke out in July of 1919. The strike stopped all cigar production in New York City, slowly spreading throughout the United States. Quickly unions began to fix the importance of the Puerto Rican worker. This strike had many benefits for Puerto Rican workers. Soon after, Puerto Rican laborers began to enjoy the same wages and hours as other immigrant workers from other countries. However, the most notable result of the cigar makers strike was that for the beginning time Puerto Rican delegates were able to participate in the meetings of the union members.The cigar makers strike led to other strikes by different Puerto Rican laborers to call the attention of their owners to the fact that the Puerto Rican labor force was a group that was not going to be pushed around. On December 2, 1922 the Liga Puertorriquena was formed. Composed of an array of social, intellectual groups that had never before taken up the position of the workers struggle, Liga Puertorriquena was the first major effort to unify the concerns of the entire community. This new group without delay had the backing of the Puerto Rican community to make their voice heard in the city. Puerto Ricans were now able to protest and have an impact on what was going on both in the community and back on the island.

Garden State, Cool Hand Luke, and The Last Samurai Essay -- Film, Movi

In the movie Garden State, Natalie Portmans character is trying to occur Zach Braffs character to do something really stupid and silly, and says This is your 1 opportunity to do something that no one has ever done before and no one will copy through-out human existence. And if nothing else youll be remembered as the one guy who ever did this this one thing. Its movies like this, movies that are written with bulky meaning, that I walk away from with just this warm unexplainable feeling. Movies that have the creators blood, sweat, and tears in the soul of the movie, not just thrown and twisted together at the end just to make the quick buck are the ones worth seeing. Movies that are made up from filmmakers not money starved producers, like Garden State, Cool Hand Luke, and The Last Samurai are the ones you remember. These movies to me were movies made with a particular consumption and not just to make as oft money as possible, even though they did. Garden State is a movie that is about a troubled twenty-something-year-old kid coming back alkali after the tragic death of his mother. He hasnt been home in nine years, because of some fallouts with his parents. While he is home, he runs into old friends from high schoolhouse and meets this girl he eventually falls in love with. Now thats the typical Hollywood storyline and typical movie formula, but the purpose of this movie is underneath the sheets. Zach Braff directed this movie and had the lead role. It was his first doing both...

The Digestive and Urinary Systems :: essays research papers

Digestive and Urinary governanceLesson 1 The Digestive SystemTermsqDigestionqAbsorptionqEliminationqMasticationqPeristalsisqGastric JuicesqBileFunctions of the Digestive SystemqDigestion, Absorption, and Elimination.qDigestion occurs in the digestive tract which includes1.Mouth Mastication occurs and enzymes produced by salivary glands starts digesting carbohydrates.2.Esophagus 10 in. long and extends from the pharynx to the confirm. Food moves down the esophagus by the peristalsis. The sphincter, a circular muscle at the entrance of the stomach opens and closes to allow food to enter the stomach. 3.Stomach Holds round 1qt of food for 3-4 hours and controls the rate at which it enters the small intestine. It also produces Chyme and Gastric Juices.4.Small Intestine 20ft (6m) long, 1in (2.5cm) in diameter. live of 3 parts the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Intestinal juice, secretions from the liver and pancreas complete chemical breakdown.5.Large Intestine (Colon) 2.5in (6c m) in diameter and 5-6ft (1.5-1.8m) long. The main function of the large intestine is the voiding of waste and the absorption of water. The water is absorbed into the bloodstream Other Organs that aid DigestionqThe liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are essential for the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.1.Liver the largest gland in the body qWeighs about 3.5 lbs. qDark reddish brown colorqOver 500 functionsqProduces bileqConverts sugar glucose to glycogen and stores itqMaintains level of glucose in the bloodqChanges abusive to less harmful toxinsqStores vitamin A, D, E, K, B12, and Iron2.Gallbladder Small sac about 3-4 in. (7-10cm) longqStores bile until food moves from the stomach into the duodenum of the small intestine.3.Pancreas a gland of the digestive and endocrine system.qProduces insulinqProduces 3 digestive enzymes1.trypsin digest protein2.amylase digest carbohydrates3.lipase digest fatsqThese enzymes are released into the small intestines through ducts. Lesso n 2 Problems and care of the Digestive SystemsTermsqIndigestionqHiatal herniaqGallstonesqPeptic ulcersqGastritisqAppendicitisqHepatitis public Functional ProblemsqHalitosis (bad breath), can result from disorders of the teeth and gums caused from poor oral health care.qIndigestion occurs when your body doesnt properly breakdown foods. This can be caused by eating too much ,eating too fast, or by indulging in an excess of alcohol. qHeartburn occurs when acid content from the stomach backs up into the esophagus. If a person has hiatal hernia they may experience heartburn.qGas a certain amount of gas in the stomach or intestine is normal simply some foods can cause an excess of gas.qNausea and Vomiting this can be caused by motion, pathogens, medicines, drugs, and other substances in the stomach. Nausea precedes vomiting. Vomiting is reverse peristalsis.

The Digestive and Urinary Systems :: essays research papers

Digestive and Urinary SystemLesson 1 The Digestive SystemTermsqDigestionqAbsorptionqEliminationqMasticationqPeristalsisq gastric JuicesqBileFunctions of the Digestive SystemqDigestion, Absorption, and Elimination.qDigestion occurs in the digestive tract which includes1.Mouth Mastication occurs and enzymes produced by salivary glands starts digesting carbohydrates.2.Esophagus 10 in. immense and extends from the pharynx to the stomach. fare moves down the esophagus by the peristalsis. The sphincter, a circular muscle at the entrance of the stomach opens and closes to allow victuals to enter the stomach. 3.Stomach Holds about 1qt of food for 3-4 hours and controls the rate at which it enters the thin intestine. It also produces Chyme and Gastric Juices.4.Small Intestine 20ft (6m) long, 1in (2.5cm) in diameter. Consist of 3 parts the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Intestinal juice, secretions from the liver and pancreas complete chemical substance breakdown.5.Large Intestine ( Colon) 2.5in (6cm) in diameter and 5-6ft (1.5-1.8m) long. The main function of the large intestine is the elimination of waste and the absorption of water. The water is absorbed into the bloodstream separate Organs that aid DigestionqThe liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are essential for the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.1.Liver the largest gland in the body qWeighs about 3.5 lbs. qDark reddish brown colorqOver ergocalciferol functionsqProduces bileqConverts sugar glucose to glycogen and stores itqMaintains level of glucose in the bloodqChanges harmful to less harmful toxinsqStores vitamin A, D, E, K, B12, and Iron2.Gallbladder Small sac about 3-4 in. (7-10cm) longqStores bile until food moves from the stomach into the duodenum of the small intestine.3.Pancreas a gland of the digestive and endocrine system.qProduces insulinqProduces 3 digestive enzymes1.trypsin digest protein2.amylase digest carbohydrates3.lipase digest fatsqThese enzymes are released into the smal l intestines through ducts. Lesson 2 Problems and care of the Digestive SystemsTermsqIndigestionqHiatal herniaqGallstonesqPeptic ulcersqGastritisqAppendicitisqHepatitisCommon Functional ProblemsqHalitosis (bad breath), can result from disorders of the teeth and gums caused from poor oral examination health care.qIndigestion occurs when your body doesnt properly breakdown foods. This can be caused by eating too much ,eating too fast, or by indulging in an excess of alcohol. qHeartburn occurs when acid content from the stomach backs up into the esophagus. If a person has hiatal hernia they may experience heartburn.qGas a certain amount of gas in the stomach or intestine is normal but some foods can cause an excess of gas.qNausea and upchuck this can be caused by motion, pathogens, medicines, drugs, and other substances in the stomach. Nausea precedes vomiting. Vomiting is reverse peristalsis.

Public Law and Judicial Review

Proportionality exists as a ground for climb aside administrative decisions in most continental legal systems and is recognised in UK field of studys where issues of European Community law and ECHR is involved, it seems logical that the treatment becomes the standard of substantive review in completely cases. A significant criticism of the Wednesbury criteria is that they do not allow for the effect on the life of the individual involved to be judged.Just because a judgement is not so unreasonable as to be incomprehensible does not mean that it is not disproportionately devastating for the modify individual for example, when resources argon scarce, it may not be irrational for a local authority to discharge their statutory duties under the 1996 Housing Act by offering housing in an area where it is cheap, but the effects on the lives of e. g. a person who has become homeless who is only offered accommodation a long way from good conflict prospects, may be enormous.In such cas es, the proportionality experiment would reveal that a general insurance intended to conserve resources would in f practice cause the individuals affected to consume more resources. The state and thus administrative decisions enter into so many areas of the lives of individuals that the idea of bifurcation using proportionality where fundamental rights are concerned and the Wednesbury test in all others is disingenuous at best. In areas such as asylum support or housing, it is immensely complex to distinguish the point at which mere interests end and fundamental rights begin.It is both simpler and more logical to assume the same standard for all issues of legal review. It is also notable that the Wednesbury test is, by its very temper, a less transparent methodology than proportionality there are a number of significant cases, such as Wheeler v Leicester City Council, where decisions have been over exhausted on grounds of irrationality without substantive reasons being given a s to why no reasonable judge could look at this decision, which must, by its very nature, be on some level subjective.That is not possible with proportionality, where all aspects must be laid out and considered in turn as a basic fact of the methodology. The Wednesbury test comes under further criticism when we consider the significantly narrow scope for intervention. The case of Short v Poole Corporation (1926) Ch 66 at 90-91 is the well documented example of the red haired teacher dismissed because she had red hair. This case proved that decision makers can act unreasonably and reach the wrong decision but they cant exercise their power so unreasonably that no other body would have reached that decision.This was an extreme case of unreasonableness where lord Greenes principle could easily be applied however there are a large number of other cases where intervention is not so accessible. Le Sueur (2004) highlights that Wednesbury principle is only bewitch in the most extreme cir cumstances and does not allow for a varied intricate subject matter. passe-partout Walker (2007) in the case of R (Pro-life Alliance) v BBC appeal highlighted that the advantage of the Wednesbury test is simplicity.However, when it comes to human rights a complex matter a one sizing fits all test is nothing short of being unsatisfactory. The Wednesbury principle was adopted in the Australian case Parramatta City Council v Pestell (1972) It was concluded that the court had considered irrelevant matters and not considered matters that it should have. This clearly shows other forms of judicial review being used in conjunction with the Wednesbury plan of attack thus endorsing that Wednesbury alone does not suffice in judicial review.Proportionality provides a more effective remedy as it allows courts to examine whether the violation of a right was necessary, not just whether it is reasonable. it the courts has the constitutional role and duty of ensuring that the rights of citizens are not abused by the unlawful exercise of executive power . In all matters of public law a right, formalised by the recipe and human rights act has been violated. As Lord Bingham in the case of R(SD) v The Governors of Denbeigh High School2007 1 AC 100, para 30 t is clear that the courts approach to an issue of proportionality under the Convention must go beyond that traditionally adopted to judicial review in a domestic setting In Smith amp Grady when applying the conventional Wednesbury principles of judicial review (adapted to a human rights context) the judge found that, although the justifications may have seemed to many to be unconvincing, the policy was not outrageous in its defiance of logic and, accordingly, not unlawful. However the European Court of Human Rights found it to be in breach of duple articles of the convention of human rights.Smith and Grady is an example of how many claimants now rely on both domestic law and HRA grounds of review. A key case in the pro pagation of proportionality is The House of Lords in R (Daly) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department (2001) 2 AC 532 demonstrated how the traditional test of Wednesbury unreasonableness has go towards the doctrine of necessity and proportionality. Lord Steyn stated that most cases would be decided in the sameway whatever approach is adopted, though conceded for human right cases proportionality is the appropriate test.The question arises as to whether doctrine of proportionality applies only where fundamental human rights are in issue or whether it will come to provide all aspects of judicial review. Lord Steyn in R. (Alconbury Development Limited) v. Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions (2001) 2 All ER 929 stated as follows- I consider that nonetheless without reference to the Human Rights Act, 1998 the time has come to recognize that this principle (proportionality) is part of English administrative law not only when Judges are dealings with Community acts but also when they are dealing with acts subject to domestic law.Trying to keep the Wednesbury principle and proportionality in separate compartments seems to me to be unnecessary and confound. It would seem that as the proportionality test is more frequently applied, when there is violation of human rights, and fundamental freedoms, the Wednesbury test finds itself relegated to matters of a more domestic nature and as such its importance in matters of jurisprudence has diminished.

Customer Relationship Management and Systems Essay

1. What concepts in this chapter are illustrated in this case?Symantec Corporation started out with good intentions. Shortly after acquiring Veritas it began an ERP rollout that was designed to standardize and desegregate the Symantec and Veritas nurture systems. The goal was to create a single ERP system, within which all of the associations extensive network of resellers, integrators, distributors, and customers could place orders for over 250,000 different increases Symantec offered in the same way. That follows the basic concept of enterprise systems which are based on a suite of integrated software program modules and a common central database. When refreshful information is entered by one process, the information is made immediately available to other business processes.Although companies can rewrite some of the software in ERP systems, the software is unusually complex and extensive customization may degrade system performance, compromising the information and process consolidation. If companies want to reap the maximum benefits from enterprise software, they mustiness substitute the way they work to conform to the business processes in the software. Although Symantec and Veritas had each used vaticinator E-Business Suite 11d prior to the merger, both used highly customized versions of the systems that made integration a daunting task.An overhaul of the combined companys enterprise systems was needed to join together Symantec and Veritass data from key business processes. enterprise systems help large companies enforce standard practices and data so that everyone does business the same way worldwide. Enterprise systems help firms respond rapidly to customer requests for information or products. Unfortunately, the two companies bungled the implementation of the enterprise system almost from the beginning.2. What management, organization, and technology factors were responsible for Symantecs difficulties in overhauling its ERP systems?Managemen t Most of the issues were due to the companys shortsightedness in implementing Project Oasis. The initial reaction to the launch of the new system was decidedly negative. Once customers reached a Symantec employee, they could spend up to 20 more minutes troubleshooting problems, and were often told that there was nothing that could be done. There was simply too much change occurring all at once for regular(prenominal) customers to handle. Partners were unhappy with Symantecs slow response to many of the problems.Organization The company was unprepared to meet the increased demand for customer support after the rollout. Symantec miss to coordinate the development of its new ERP system with the launch of other products from different divisions within the company. The changes to the licensing system were not coordinated with the rest of the project. Customers were unhappy with changes to the stock- deeming unit product system (SKU system). Symantec had overlooked the needs of many c ustomers while designing a technically sound but user-unfriendly ERP system.Technology Both companies used highly customized versions of Oracles E-Business Suite 11d prior to the merger. Users struggled to process the large amount of information provided to them and were overwhelmed by the increased number of steps, all of them new, required to place orders. Some smaller distributors and partners didnt update their systems to handle the new SKUs and were unable to submit purchase orders electronically. After the rollout, licensing became much more difficult for Symantecs customers and partners, forcing them to wait multiple weeks in front receiving their licenses.3. Was Symantecs response to the problem adequate? Explain your reasoning.The company initiated a follow-up project named Project Nero. The goal of the project was to recapture the loyalty of customers who were let down by the changes brought about by Oasis. The project reached out to customers and fixed the problems wit h the information systems to improve response times and streamline operations.The company began by adding over one hundred fifty new customer representatives to handle the increased volume of calls, reducing wait times and increasing customer satisfaction. Executives traveled the country to improve relations with furious customers and partners. The company introduced a master list of product releases readily available and standardized its communication methods between departments regarding new projects and change management.Symantec used Net means methodology to measure and increase customer loyalty. The results identified specific criticisms and customer problems and dramatically aided Symantec in correcting those problems. Project Nero helped the company weather the worst of the crisis. However, the company does not release the results of its Net Promoter surveys to the public so the extent to which it has repaired its reputation is unclear.4. What would you have done different ly to prevent the implementation problems that arose at Symantec? scholarly person answers will vary but some of the principles that should be included in their answers areEven the most careful planning and well-designed systems can quickly go awry if customers are unable to make use of the new system. Enterprise applications involve complex pieces of software that are very expensive to purchase and implement. The number implementation cost of a large system, including software, database tools, consulting fees, personnel costs, training, and perhaps hardware costs, might amount to four to five times the initial purchase determine for the software.Enterprise applications require not only deep-seated technological changes but also fundamental changes in the way a business operates. Business processes must be changed to work with the software. Employees must accept new job functions and responsibilities. Most implementation projects fail or experience enormous problems because execut ives, managers, and employees did not understand how much organizational change was required.Specific Symantec problems that perhaps could have been avoided Communicate with employees better to counteract the negative attitude towards the project. Communicate with customers and distributors better about the upcoming changes. give way sure all of the systems that were changing were coordinated throughout the organization. Not change as many systems all at the same time. Even though stretchiness the implementation out over a longer period may have cost more money, perhaps it would have prevented some of the massive problems overall.5. If you were a partner or customer of Symantec, would you have shift keyed marketers in response to the ERP overhaul issues? Why or why not?Student answers will vary. Some principles to keep in mind areEnterprise applications introduce switching costs that make it very costly to switch vendors. Companies become dependent on the vendor to upgrade i ts product and maintain the installation. Many of Symantecs partners and smaller distributors were reliant on Symantec and perhaps could not afford to switch vendors. That would mean they would have to switch all of their internal systems at great cost.Customers are often reluctant to switch vendors based on historical relationships. If the problems seem temporary, the customers will hang on. If the problems seem insurmountable, some customers will desert the sinking ship.

Analysis around Freuds view of the human mind Essay

This essay aims to discuss the key ideas behind Freuds theories, including his model of the mastermind, psychosexual development, repression and cure through therapeutic techniques. Sigman Freud (1856 to 1939) was an Austrian physician, with an interest in the workings of the subconscious mind. Freud spent his life trying to produce coherent a pot of theories to explain all human behavioural, but never achieved his goal of one grand theory, (Benson, 1999, P48).According to Freud, the mind has three levels of consciousness. The conscious equates to 1/7th of the mind, creation the awake(predicate)ness we have when awake. The pre-conscious, is a boundary containing memories of dreams, and causing slips of the tongue. Finally, the unconscious. Making up 6/7ths of the mind and containing thoughts completely hidden and unavailable to us, (Benson, 1999, P47).Freuds model divides the mind in to three parts the Id, Ego and Superego. He believed that the first to develop was the Id, operat ing on the pleasure principle, in the unconscious mind. The Id is the dark, inaccessible part of our personality, (Freud, 1933 p27). It drives a baby to seek pleasure, like drink food warmth and comfort and avoid the unpleasureable, like hunger, being wet and cold The Id is selfish and not concerned with social rules, but only with self gratification, (Cardwell et al, 1997 p549). The Id is made of two components. Benson (1999, P51) describes the first, Libido, as the inborn energy we have that motivates us to survive. The second component, Freud named Thanatos, and described as the close instinct, expressed through aggression towards self and others. Cardwell et al (1997) explain that the Ids discharge of energy and excitation without regard for consequence is known as simple process thinking.At around two years old the human mind recognises the need to be realistic and plan for the future, rather than surviving on primary instinct. Thus the ego develops. Operating on the reality principle, it battles the Id for control of behaviour. Unlike the Id, the Ego has a partly conscious, secondary thought process. The ego is still, however, essentially selfish, i.e. protecting the individual from harm, (Benson, 1999, p51).At around 3, we start to absorb influence from our parents and the Super Ego begins to develop. The Super Ego expands from our learned morals and the conventions of society. Super substance above looking down and monitoring the Id-Ego Battle, (Benson, 1999, P52). Like the Ego, the Super Ego is partly conscious however it is not selfish and considers others too. As it develops it becomes our social moral sense and guides us towards sociably acceptable behaviour. (Cardwell et al, 1997, p549).Freud was responsible for modern societys understanding of the effects childhood experiences can have on adult personalities. He split the childhood into five stages of psychosexual development.During the first, the Oral stage from 0 to 2 years, the only driv e present is the Id. Focused on survival, the Id drives the baby to black market by suckling. Thus the mouth becomes the main source of pleasure. Benson (1999, p52) states that through oral satisfaction the baby develops trust and an optimistic personality.From 2 to 3 years, the child becomes aware of its bowels and how to control them. Here begins the Anal Stage, as the focus of gratification shifts to the anus aiding with potty training, a vital step to independence and survival, (Benson, 1999, P54). However, withholding elimination goes against the Ids personality of random discharge without regard for consequence. This results in the requirement for an ego to develop, and as such has important implications in the personality later in life, (Cardwell et al, p550, 1997).The phallic stage, from 3 to 5 years, starts when children become aware of sexual differences and become curious about their own genitals. Benson (1999) explains that boys will develop differently to girls from h ere on. Boys will develop Oedipus convoluted and unconsciously experienced a sequence of sub stages. Firstly he will develop a strong desire for his mother. Then, after noticing the strong (sexual) stick by between her and his father, he will become deeply jealous of his father and hate him.The boys business organization of his father uncovering these thoughts instils a fear of the ultimate punishment, castration. The boy resolves that to avoid castration by pleasing his farther, and at the same time impress his mother, he must become like his father. This is called identification. Girls, having unconsciously concluded that they have already been castrated, do not develop the same fears. Though, since their mother is the same, girls also end up identifying, i.e. adopting their mothers morality and sexual activity roles. This was always rather vague and known as the Electra Complex (Benson, 1999, p56).

An Analysis of Developing American Literature Essay

An Analysis of Developing American Literature rake Van Winkle by Washington Irving and The slay of the Pigeons by crowd Fennimore Cooper demonstrate several distinct American characteristics. Irving focuses on New Yorks Hudson River while discussing the settings of Rip Van Winkle. New York is probably the most identifiable give in in the U. S. and is recognized by its Statue of Liberty welcoming foreigners into its prideful country. While Irving discusses personalitys beauty in similar ways in the U. S. by giving a page description on a simple frozen lake in Somerville.In Rip Van Winkle and The flogging of the Pigeons the three main American characteristics in these short stories be power of nature, value of the common man, and growing patriotism. Nature can be a powerful concept. In Rip Van Winkle there is a lovely description of the Hudson River which opens the story. Whoever has made a voyage up the Hudson must remember the Kaatskill mountains. They are dismembered branch of the great Appalachian family, and are seen away to the west of the river swelling up to a noble height and lording it over the surrounding country.In The Slaughter of the Pigeons there is a similar description. Large flocks of wild geese were seen passing over the country, which hovered, for a time, around the hidden sheet of water, apparently searching for a resting-place and then, on finding themselves excluded by the chill covering, would soar away to the north, filling the air with discordant screams, as if venting their complaints a the tardy operations of Nature. Nature is really important to Washington Irving and James Cooper.Along with nature, also present is the value of the common man. Values had certainly changed when Rip awoke from his century nap. In a state of confusion, he yells, Alas gentlemen, cried Rip, somewhat dismayed, I am a poor quiet man, a native of the place, and a loyal subject of the King- God sign on him People around Rip thought what he was actin g treasonous. Values of America had changed and now included the concept of voting.Along with American values, came values of nature represented in The Slaughter f the Pigeons. Its better for you, maybe, Billy Kirby, replied the indignant old hunter, and all them that dont know how to put a ball down a rifle-barrel, or how to bring it up again with a true aim but its wicked to be wound into flocks in this wasty manner We must not waste what we are given in this world, and we must embrace change as well. As long as that change is bettering us as American citizens as shown in Rip Van Winkle.There is also a sense of growing nationalism embodied in both stories. In Irvings short story there is a sign hung in honor of General Washington representing the effective that hes done for the country. The red coat was changed for one of blue and buff a sword was held in the hand instead of a verge the head was decorated with a cocked hat, and underneath was printed in large characters. Nation alism by definition is having pride in ones country.Whether pride be in local government or in nature itself, in The Slaughter of the Pigeons, Leather-Stocking believes that all life is valuable in this country. Put an end, Judge, to your clearings. Aint the woods His work as well as the pigeons? Use, but dont waste. Wasnt the woods made for the beasts and birds to harbor in? In Rip Van Winkle and The Slaughter of the Pigeons the three main American characteristics in these short stories are power of nature, value of the common man, and growing nationalism.They are each represented in distinct ways but clearly show the grandness of America and its impact on the Western Civilization that we know today. Whether stressing the importance of government change for the better in Rip Van Winkle or establishing true to nature in The Slaughter of the Pigeons we all hold a part in the shaping American society. The real task is holding the past with one hand while reaching for the future with the other(a) and never letting one side pull too hard.

Response to “The Challenge of Cultural Relativism” By Rachels Essay

In the text The Challenge of Cultural Relativism, James Rachels breaks down and discusses the theory of Cultural Relativism by presenting the pros and cons of this theory. He exposes some of the shortcomings of the theory contestation that some of the claims be wrong and contradictory. The theory of Cultural Relativism states that on that point is no such thing as universal truth in ethics there are only the various cultural codes. In other words, the view of moral or ethical organizations vary from culture to culture, therefore, we cannot say if one system is better than any other. In his text, Rachels argues that the idea of cultural relativism is an invalid argument, that it leads to implausible consequences, and that moral codes are not entirely different. At the same time, Rachels concludes that there are no good or bad things, but social norms likewise, the cultural relativism influences us to have an open mind. Rachels begins by explaining that the cultural differences argu ment is invalid because the stopping point does not necessarily follow from the premises.Here Rachels uses as argument the old belief that the earth was flat, which is wrong, to show that if you believe in something, it does not necessary has to be true. Furthermore, Rachels argues that some of the possible consequences of this theory are that we cannot criticize sadistic cultures. In this case, he uses the anti-Semitic example to claim that if cultural relativism establishes that it is wrong to criticize this mannequin of action because they are part of the cultural code, then the theory is incorrect. At the same time, some other of the serious consequences is that we cannot criticize our own culture, much less picture to reform it since the theory states that it is wrong to make intracultural judgments. In other words, Rachels says that if cultural relativism is true, then what MLK Jr. did was wrong because his actions were against the moral code of his culture. Finally, Rache ls discusses how the beliefs of one culture to another do not differ at all, since there are things that are essential in any society.

The Twilight Saga 3: Eclipse Chapter 18. INSTRUCTION

THAT HAD TO BE THE LONGEST PARTY IN THE HISTORY of the world, I complained on the way star sign.Edward didnt showm to disagree. Its exclusively in all over now, he verbalise, rubbing my arm soothingly.Because I was the only wizard who needed soothing. Edward was fine now all the Cullens were fine.Theyd all reas authorizedd me Alice scope up to regurgitate my learning ability as I left, spunking Jasper meaningfully until a flood of peace swirled around me, Esme kissing my forehead and promising me constantlyything was all right, Emmett laughing boisterously and inquire why I was the only one who was al dispiriteded to fight with werewolves. . . . Jacobs solution had them all relaxed, almost euphoric after the long weeks of stress. Doubt had been replaced with confidence. The party had ended on a note of true celebration.not for me.Bad enough horrible that the Cullens would fight for me. It was already too much that I would have to allow that. It already felt kindred much than I could bear.Not Jacob, too. Not his foolish, eager br opposites most of them even youngisher than I was. They were full oversized, over-muscled children, and they sprightlinessed anterior to this like it was air on the beach. I could not have them in danger, too. My nerves felt frayed and exposed. I didnt know how much longer I could restrain the advocate to scream bug step up loud.I whispered now, to keep my voice slash the stairs control. Youre winning me with you tonight.Bella, youre worn out.You think I could sleep?He frowned. This is an experiment. Im not sure enough if it forget be possible for us all to . . . cooperate. I dont sine qua non you in the middle of that.As if that didnt make me all the to a greater extent anxious to go. If you wont put on me, then Ill call Jacob.His eyeball tightened. That was a low blow, and I k impudently it. But at that place was no way I was being left behind.He didnt get along we were at Charlies house now. The f ront light was on.See you upstairs, I muttered.I tiptoed in the front door. Charlie was asleep in the living live, overflowing the too-small sofa, and snoring so loudly I could have ripped a chainsaw to life and it wouldnt have wakened him.I shook his shoulder vigorously.Dad CharlieHe grumbled, eyes unsounded unlikable.Im home now youre overtaking to hurt your back sleeping like that. Cmon, meter to move.It took a a few(prenominal) more shakes, and his eyes never did open all the way, just now I managed to get himoff the couch. I helped him up to his bed, where he collapsed on top of the covers, fully dressed, and started snoring again.He wasnt exhalation to be looking for me some(prenominal)time soon.Edward waited in my room while I washed my face and changed into jeans and a flannel shirt. He empathise to ited me unhappily from the rocking c tomentum as I hung the outfit Alice had softenn me in my closet. catch here, I said, taking his hand and pulling him to my bed.I pushed him down on the bed and then curled up against his thorax. Maybe he was right and I was tired enough to sleep. I wasnt going to let him sneak off without me.He tucked my quilt in around me, and then held me close.Please relax.Sure.This is going to work, Bella. I can chance it.My teeth locked together.He was still give off relief. Nobody except me c argond if Jacob and his friends got hurt. Not even Jacob and his friends. Especially not them.He could give notice (of) I was nearly to lose it. Listen to me, Bella. This is going to be easy. The newborns go outdoor(a) be completely taken by surprise. Theyll have no more whim that werewolves even exist than you did. Ive seen how they act in a group, the way Jasper telephones. I truly believe that the wolves hunting techniques will work flawlessly against them. And with them divided and confused, thither wont be enough for the rest of us to do. Someone may have to sit out, he teased.Piece of cake, I mumbled tonelessly ag ainst his chest.Shhh, he stroked my cheek. Youll see. Dont worry now.He started buzzming my lullaby, but, for once, it didnt calm me.People well, vampires and werewolves really, but still people I sockd were going to get hurt. Hurt because of me. Again. I wished my bad luck would way a little more narrowly. I felt likeyelling up at the empty sky Its me you need over here Just meI seek to think of a way that I could do on the nose that force my bad luck to focus on me. It wouldnt be easy. I would have to wait, rest my time. . . .I did not fall asleep. The minutes passed quickly, to my surprise, and I was still alert and tense when Edward pulled us both up into a sitting position.Are you sure you dont want to stay and sleep?I gave him a sour look.He sighed, and scooped me up in his arms before he jumped from my laceow.He raced through the black, quietude forest with me on his back, and even in his run I could feel the elation. He ran the way he did when it was just us, j ust for enjoyment, just for the feel of the wind in his hair. It was the kind of thing that, during less anxious times, would have made me happy.When we got to the big open field, his family was at that place, talking casually, relaxed. Emmetts booming laugh echoed through the all-embracing quadriceps femoris now and then. Edward set me down and we walked hand in hand toward them.It took me a minute, because it was so dark with the moon hidden behind the clouds, but I know that we were in the baseball clearing. It was the aforesaid(prenominal) place where, more than a year ago, that first lighthearted evening with the Cullens had been interrupted by James and his coven. It felt unusual to be here again as if this gathering wouldnt be complete until James and Laurent and Victoria joined us. But James and Laurent were never access back. That public figure wouldnt be repeated. Maybe all the patterns were broken.Yes, person had broken out of their pattern. Was it possible that the Volturi were the flexible ones in this equation?I doubted it.Victoria had always seemed like a force of nature to me like a hurricane base toward the coast in a straight line unavoidable, implacable, but predictable. Maybe it was wrong to limit her that way. She had to be capable of adaptation.You know what I think? I asked Edward.He laughed. No.I almost smiled.What do you think?I think its all connected. Not just the 2, but all three.Youve lost me.Three bad things have happened since you came back. I ticked them off on my fingers. The newborns in Seattle. The freakyr in my room. And first of all Victoria came to look for me.His eyes narrowed as he thought rough it. Why do you think so?Because I agree with Jasper the Volturi love their rules. They would probably do a better job anyway. And Id be dead if they wanted me dead, I added men leggyy. Remember when you were tracking Victoria last year?Yes. He frowned. I wasnt in truth sober at it.Alice said you were in Texas. Did you follow her there?His eyebrows pulled together. Yes. Hmm . . .See she could have gotten the idea there. But she doesnt know what shes doing, so the newborns are all out of control.He started shaking his head. Only Aro knows exactly how Alices visions work.Aro would know best, but wouldnt Tanya and Irina and the rest of your friends in Denali know enough? Laurent lived with them for so long. And if he was still friendly enough with Victoria to be doing favors for her, why wouldnt he also tell her everything he knew?Edward frowned. It wasnt Victoria in your room.She cant make new friends? Think about it, Edward. If it is Victoria doing this in Seattle, shes made a lot of new friends. Shes created them.He con viewred it, his forehead creased in concentration.Hmm, he finally said. Its possible. I still think the Volturi are most likely . . . But your theory theres something there. Victorias personality. Your theory suits her personality perfectly. Shes shown a remarkable gift for self-preservation from the start maybe its a talent of hers. In any case, this plot would put her in no danger at all from us, if she sits safely behind and lets the newborns wreak their havoc here. And maybe little danger from the Volturi, either. perhaps shes counting on us to win, in the end, though certainly not without heavy casualties of our own. But no survivors from her little army to bear witness against her. In fact, he continued, thinking it through, if there were survivors, Id bet shed be planning to destroy them herself. . . . Hmm. Still, shed have to have at least one friend who was a firearm more mature. No fresh-made newborn left your father alive. . . .He frowned into space for a long moment, and then short smiled at me, coming back from his reverie. decidedly possible. Regardless, weve got to be prepared for anything until we know for sure. Youre very perceptive today, he added. Its impressive.I sighed. Maybe Im just reacting to this place. It makes me fee l like shes close by . . . like she sees me now.His conjure up muscles tensed at the idea. Shell never touch you, Bella, he said.In spite of his words, his eyes swept carefully across the dark trees. While he searched their shadows, the strangest reflection crossed his face. His lips pulled back over his teeth and his eyes shone with an odd light a wild, fierce kind of hope.Yet, what I wouldnt give to have her that close, he murmured. Victoria, and anyone else whos ever thought of hurting you. To have the chance to end this myself. To finish it with my own hands this time.I shuddered at the ferocious longing in his voice, and clenched his fingers more tightly with mine, wishing I was strong enough to lock our hands together permanently.We were almost to his family, and I noticed for the first time that Alice did not look as optimistic as the other(a)s. She stood a little aside, watching Jasper stretching his arms as if he were warming up to exercise, her lips pushed out in a pou t.Is something wrong with Alice? I whispered.Edward chuckled, himself again. The werewolves are on their way, so she cant see anything that will happen now. It makes her uncomfortable to be blind.Alice, though the farthest from us, heard his low voice. She looked up and stuck her tongue out at him. He laughed again.Hey, Edward, Emmett greeted him. Hey, Bella. Is he going to let you practice, too?Edward groaned at his brother. Please, Emmett, dont give her any ideas.When will our guests derive? Carlisle asked Edward.Edward concentrated for a moment, and then sighed. A minute and a half. But Im going to have to translate. They dont trust us enough to use their human unionises.Carlisle nodded. This is life-threatening for them. Im grateful theyre coming at all.I stared at Edward, my eyes stretched wide. Theyre coming as wolves?He nodded, cautious of my reaction. I swallowed once, remembering the two times Id seen Jacob in his wolf form the first time in the meadow with Laurent, the assist time on the forest lane where Paul had gotten angry at me. . . . They were both memories of terror.A strange gleam came into Edwards eyes, as though something had just occurred to him, something that was not altogether unpleasant. He turned away quickly, before I could see any more, back to Carlisle and the others. tack yourselves theyve been holding out on us.What do you mean? Alice demanded.Shh, he cautioned, and stared past her into the darkness.The Cullens informal circle suddenly widened out into a loose line with Jasper and Emmett at the spear order. From the way Edward leaned forward next to me, I could tell that he wished he was holding beside them. I tightened my hand around his.I squinted toward the forest, seeing nothing.Damn, Emmett muttered under his breath. Did you ever see anything like it?Esme and Rosalie exchanged a wide-eyed glance.What is it? I whispered as quietly as I could. I cant see.The pack has grown, Edward murmured into my ear.Hadnt I told him that Quil had joined the pack? I strained to see the six wolves in the gloom. Finally, something glittered in the blackness their eyes, higher up than they should be. Id forgotten how very tall the wolves were. standardised horses, only thick with muscle and fur and teeth like knives, impossible to overlook.I could only see the eyes. And as I scanned, straining to see more, it occurred to me that there were more than six pairs facing us. One, two, three . . . I counted the pairs swiftly in my head. Twice. there were ten of them.Fascinating, Edward murmured almost silently.Carlisle took a slow, deliberate step forward. It was a careful movement, designed to reassure.Welcome, he greeted the invisible wolves.Thank you, Edward responded in a strange, flat tone, and I realized at once that the words came from Sam. I looked to the eyes sheeny in the center of the line, the highest up, the tallest of them all. It was impossible to separate the shape of the big black wolf from the darkn ess.Edward communicate again in the equal detached voice, speaking Sams words. We will watch and listen, but no more. That is the most we can ask of our self-control.That is more than enough, Carlisle answered. My son Jasper he gestured to where Jasper stood, tensed and ready has experience in this area. He will teach us how they fight, how they are to be defeated. Im sure you can apply this to your own hunting style.They are diverse from you? Edward asked for Sam.Carlisle nodded. They are all very new only months old to this life. Children, in a way. They will have no skill or strategy, only brute strength. Tonight their numbers stand at twenty. Ten for us, ten for you it shouldnt be difficult. The numbers may go down. The new ones fight amongst themselves.A rumble passed down the shadowy line of wolves, a low growling mutter that somehow managed to sound enthusiastic.We are willing to take more than our share, if necessary, Edward translated, his tone less indifferent now.C arlisle smiled. Well see how it plays out.Do you know when and how theyll arrive?Theyll come across the mountains in four days, in the late morning. As they approach, Alice will help us intercept their path.Thank you for the information. We will watch.With a sighing sound, the eyes sank contiguous to the ground one set at a time.It was silent for two heartbeats, and then Jasper took a step into the empty space amongst the vampires and the wolves. It wasnt hard for me to see him his skin was as bright against the darkness as the wolves eyes. Jasper threw a wary glance toward Edward, who nodded, and then Jasper turned his back to the werewolves. He sighed, clearly uncomfortable.Carlisles right. Jasper spoke only to us he seemed to be trying to ignore the audience behind him. Theyll fight like children. The two most important things youll need to remember are, first, dont let them get their arms around you and, second, dont go for the obvious kill. Thats all theyll be prepared for. As long as you come at them from the side and keep moving, theyll be too confused to respond effectively. Emmett?Emmett stepped out of the line with a big smile.Jasper backed toward the north end of the opening between the ally enemies. He waved Emmett forward.Okay, Emmett first. Hes the best example of a newborn attack.Emmetts eyes narrowed. Ill try not to break anything, he muttered.Jasper smilened. What I meant is that Emmett relies on his strength. Hes very straightforward about the attack. The newborns wont be trying anything subtle, either. Just go for the easy kill, Emmett.Jasper backed up a few more paces, his body tensing.Okay, Emmett try to catch me.And I couldnt see Jasper anymore he was a blur as Emmett charged him like a bear, grinning while he snarled. Emmett was impossibly quick, too, but not like Jasper. It looked like Jasper had no more substance than a ghost any time it seemed Emmetts big hands had him for sure, Emmetts fingers clenched around nothing but the air. Beside me, Edward leaned forward intently, his eyes locked on the brawl. Then Emmett froze.Jasper had him from behind, his teeth an inch from his throat.Emmett cussed.There was a muttered rumble of appreciation from the watching wolves.Again, Emmett insisted, his smile gone.Its my turn, Edward protested. My fingers tensed around his.In a minute. Jasper grinned, stepping back. I want to show Bella something first.I watched with anxious eyes as he waved Alice forward.I know you worry about her, he explained to me as she danced merrily into the ring. I want to show you why thats not necessary.Though I knew that Jasper would never allow any harm to come to Alice, it was still hard to watch as he sank back into a crouch facing her. Alice stood motionlessly, looking tiny as a doll after Emmett, smiling to herself. Jasper shifted forward, then slinked to her left.Alice unopen her eyes.My heart thumped unevenly as Jasper stalked toward where Alice stood.Jasper sprang, disappearing. S uddenly he was on the other side of Alice. She didnt appear to have moved.Jasper wheeled and launched himself at her again, only to shoot down in a crouch behind her like the first time all the while Alice stood smiling with her eyes closed.I watched Alice more carefully now.She was moving Id just been missing it, distracted by Jaspers attacks. She took a small step forward at the exact second that Jaspers body flew through the spot where shed just been standing. She took another step, while Jaspers grasping hands whistled past where her waist had been.Jasper closed in, and Alice began to move faster. She was dancing spiraling and twisting and curling in on herself. Jasper was her partner, lunging, reaching through her graceful patterns, never touching her, like every movement was choreographed. Finally, Alice laughed.Out of nowhere she was perched on Jaspers back, her lips at his neck.Gotcha, she said, and kissed his throat.Jasper chuckled, shaking his head. You truly are one fr ightening little monster.The wolves muttered again. This time the sound was wary.Its good for them to learn some respect, Edward murmured, amused. Then he spoke louder. My turn.He squeezed my hand before he let it go.Alice came to take his place beside me. Cool, huh? she asked me smugly.Very, I agreed, not looking away from Edward as he glided noiselessly toward Jasper, his movements lithe and watchful as a jungle cat.Ive got my eye on you, Bella, she whispered suddenly, her voice pitched so low that I could barely hear, though her lips were at my ear. My gaze flickered to her face and then back to Edward. He was intent on Jasper, both of them feinting as he closed the distance.Alices expression was full of reproach.Ill warn him if your plans get any more defined, she threatened in the same low murmur. It doesnt help anything for you to put yourself in danger. Do you think either of them would give up if you died? Theyd still fight, we all would. You cant change anything, so just be good, okay?I grimaced, trying to ignore her.Im watching, she repeated.Edward had closed on Jasper now, and this fight was more even than either of the others. Jasper had the century of experience to guide him, and he act to go on instinct alone as much as he could, but his thoughts always gave him away a fraction of a second before he acted. Edward was slightly faster, but the moves Jasper used were unfamiliar to him. They came at each other again and again, neither one able to gain the advantage, born(p) snarls erupting constantly. It was hard to watch, but harder to look away. They moved too fast for me to really understand what they were doing. Now and then the sharp eyes of the wolves would catch my attention. I had a feeling the wolves were getting more out of this than I was maybe more than they should.Eventually, Carlisle cleared his throat.Jasper laughed, and took a step back. Edward straightened up and grinned at him.Back to work, Jasper consented. Well call it a draw.E veryone took turns, Carlisle, then Rosalie, Esme, and Emmett again. I squinted through my lashes, cringing as Jasper attacked Esme. That one was the hardest to watch. Then he slowed down, still not quite a enough for me to understand his motions, and gave more instruction.You see what Im doing here? he would ask. Yes, just like that, he encouraged. Concentrate on the sides. Dont forget where their target will be. Keep moving.Edward was always focused, watching and also sense of hearing to what others couldnt see.It got more difficult to follow as my eyes got heavier. I hadnt been sleeping well lately, anyway, and it was approaching a solid twenty-four hours since the last time Id slept. I leaned against Edwards side, and let my eyelids droop.Were about finished, he whispered.Jasper confirmed that, turning toward the wolves for the first time, his expression uncomfortable again. Well be doing this tomorrow. Please feel welcome to observe again.Yes, Edward answered in Sams sang-fro id voice. Well be here.Then Edward sighed, patted my arm, and stepped away from me. He turned to his family.The pack thinks it would be helpful to be familiar with each of our meanders so they dont make mistakes later. If we could hold very still, it will make it easier for them.Certainly, Carlisle said to Sam. Whatever you need.There was a gloomy, throaty grumble from the wolf pack as they all rose to their feet.My eyes were wide again, exhaustion forgotten.The deep black of the night was just beginning to fade the sun brightening the clouds, though it hadnt cleared the horizon yet, far away on the other side of the mountains. As they approached, it was suddenly possible to make out shapes . . . colors.Sam was in the lead, of course. Unbelievably huge, black as midnight, a monster straight out of my nightmares literally after the first time Id seen Sam and the others in the meadow, theyd starred in my bad dreams more than once.Now that I could see them all, match the sizeablen ess with each pair of eyes, it looked like more than ten. The pack was overwhelming.Out of the corner of my eye, I saw that Edward was watching me, carefully evaluating my reaction.Sam approached Carlisle where he stood in the front, the huge pack right on his tail. Jasper stiffened, but Emmett, on the other side of Carlisle, was grinning and relaxed.Sam sniffed at Carlisle, seeming to wince slightly as he did. Then he moved on to Jasper.My eyes ran down the wary brace of wolves. I was sure I could pick out a few of the new additions. There was a light gray wolf that was much smaller than the others, the hackles on the back of his neck raised in distaste. There was another, the color of desert sand, who seemed gangly and uncoordinated beside the rest. A low whine broke through the sandy wolfs control when Sams advance left him isolated between Carlisle and Jasper.I stopped at the wolf just behind Sam. His fur was reddish-brown and longer than the others, shaggy in comparison. He was almost as tall as Sam, the second largest in the group. His stance was casual, somehow exuding nonchalance over what the rest obviously considered an ordeal.The enormous russet-colored wolf seemed to feel my gaze, and he looked up at me with familiar black eyes.I stared back at him, trying to believe what I already knew. I could feel the wonder and fascination on my face.The wolfs heave fell open, pulling back over his teeth. It would have been a frightening expression, except that his tongue lolled out the side in a wolfy grin.I giggled.Jacobs grin widened over his sharp teeth. He left his place in line, ignoring the eyes of his pack as they followed him. He trotted past Edward and Alice to stand not two feet away from me. He stopped there, his gaze flickering briefly toward Edward.Edward stood motionless, a statue, his eyes still assessing my reaction.Jacob crouched down on his front legs and dropped his head so that his face was no higher than mine, staring at me, measuring my response just as much as Edward was.Jacob? I breathed.The answering rumble deep in his chest sounded like a chuckle.I reached my hand out, my fingers trembling slightly, and touched the red-brown fur on the side of his face.The black eyes closed, and Jacob leaned his huge head into my hand. A thrumming hum resonated in this throat.The fur was both soft and rough, and warm against my skin. I ran my fingers through it curiously, learning the texture, stroking his neck where the color deepened. I hadnt realized how close Id gotten without warning, Jacob suddenly licked my face from chin to hairline.Ew Gross, Jake I complained, jumping back and smacking at him, just as I would have if he were human. He dodged out of the way, and the coughing bark that came through his teeth was obviously laughter.I wiped my face on the sleeve of my shirt, unable to keep from laughing with him.It was at that point that I realized that everyone was watching us, the Cullens and the werewolves the Cullens with perplexed and somewhat disgusted expressions. It was hard to read the wolves faces. I thought Sam looked unhappy.And then there was Edward, on margin and clearly disappointed. I realized hed been hoping for a different reaction from me. Like screaming and running away in terror.Jacob made the laughing sound again.The other wolves were backing away now, not taking their eyes off the Cullens as they departed. Jacob stood by my side, watching them go. Soon, they disappeared into the murky forest. Only two hesitated by the trees, watching Jacob, their postures radiating anxiety.Edward sighed, and ignoring Jacob came to stand on my other side, taking my hand.Ready to go? he asked me.Before I could answer, he was staring over me at Jacob.Ive not quite figured out all the details yet, he said, answering a question in Jacobs thoughts.The Jacob-wolf grumbled sullenly.Its more complicated than that, Edward said. Dont concern yourself Ill make sure its safe.What are you talking about? I demanded.Just discussing strategy, Edward said.Jacobs head swiveled back and forth, looking at our faces. Then, suddenly, he bolted for the forest. As he darted away, I noticed for the first time a square of folded black fabric secured to his back leg.Wait, I called, one hand stretching out automatically to reach after him. But he disappeared into the trees in seconds, the other two wolves following.Why did he leave? I asked, hurt.Hes coming back, Edward said. He sighed. He wants to be able to talk for himself.I watched the bounce of the forest where Jacob had vanished, leaning into Edwards side again. I was on the point of collapse, but I was fighting it.Jacob loped back into view, on two legs this time. His broad chest was bare, his hair tangled and shaggy. He wore only a pair of black sweat pants, his feet bare to the cold ground. He was alone now, but I suspected that his friends lingered in the trees, invisible.It didnt take him long to cross the field, though he gave a wide berth to the Cullens, who stood talking quietly in a loose circle.Okay, bloodsucker, Jacob said when he was a few feet from us, evidently continuing the conversation Id missed. Whats so complicated about it?I have to consider every possibility, Edward said, unruffled. What if someone gets by you?Jacob snorted at that idea. Okay, so leave her on the reservation. Were making Collin and Brady stay behind anyway. Shell be safe there.I scowled. Are you talking about me?I just want to know what he plans to do with you during the fight, Jacob explained.Do with me?You cant stay in Forks, Bella. Edwards voice was pacifying. They know where to look for you there. What if someone slipped by us?My stomach dropped and the blood stagnant from my face. Charlie? I gasped.Hell be with Billy, Jacob assured me quickly. If my dad has to commit a murder to get him there, hell do it. Probably it wont take that much. Its this Saturday, right? Theres a game.This Saturday? I asked, my head spinning. I was too lightheaded to control my wildly random thoughts. I frowned at Edward. Well, crap There goes your graduation present.Edward laughed. Its the thought that counts, he reminded me. You can give the tickets to someone else.Inspiration came swiftly. Angela and Ben, I decided at once. At least that will get them out of town.He touched my cheek. You cant evacuate everyone, he said in a gentle voice. Hiding you is just a precaution. I told you well have no problem now. There wont be enough of them to keep us entertained.But what about keeping her in La Push? Jacob interjected, impatient.Shes been back and forth too much, Edward said. Shes left trails all over the place. Alice only sees very young vampires coming on the hunt, but obviously someone created them. There is someone more experienced behind this. Whoever he Edward paused to look at me or she is, this could all be a distraction. Alice will see if he decides to look himself, but we could be very busy at the time that decision is made. Maybe someone is counting on that. I cant leave her somewhere shes been frequently. She has to be hard to find, just in case. Its a very long shot, but Im not taking chances.I stared at Edward as he explained, my forehead creasing. He patted my arm.Just being overcautious, he promised.Jacob gestured to the deep forest east of us, to the vast expanse of the prodigious Mountains.So hide her here, he suggested. Theres a million possibilities places either one of us could be in just a few minutes if theres a need.Edward shook his head. Her scent is too strong and, combined with mine, especially distinct. Even if I carried her, it would leave a trail. Our trace is all over the range, but in conjunction with Bellas scent, it would catch their attention. Were not sure exactly which path theyll take, because they dont know yet. If they crossed her scent before they found us . . .Both of them grimaced at the same time, their eyebrows pulling together.You see the difficulties.Ther e has to be a way to make it work, Jacob muttered. He glared toward the forest, pursing his lips.I swayed on my feet. Edward put his arm around my waist, pulling me closer and supporting my weight.I need to get you home youre exhausted. And Charlie will be waking up soon. . . .Wait a sec, Jacob said, wheeling back to us, his eyes bright. My scent disgusts you, right?Hmm, not bad. Edward was two steps ahead. Its possible. He turned toward his family. Jasper? he called.Jasper looked up curiously. He walked over with Alice a half step behind. Her face was preclude again.Okay, Jacob. Edward nodded at him.Jacob turned toward me with a strange mixture of emotion on his face. He was clearly excited by whatever this new plan of his was, but he was also still uneasy so close to his enemy allies. And then it was my turn to be wary as he held his arms out toward me.Edward took a deep breath.Were going to see if I can confuse the scent enough to hide your trail, Jacob explained.I stared at hi s open arms suspiciously.Youre going to have to let him carry you, Bella, Edward told me. His voice was calm, but I could hear the subdued distaste.I frowned.Jacob rolled his eyes, impatient, and reached down to yank me up into his arms.Dont be such a baby, he muttered.But his eyes flickered to Edward, just like mine did. Edwards face was composed and smooth. He spoke to Jasper.Bellas scent is so much more potent to me I thought it would be a fairer test if someone else tried.Jacob turned away from them and paced swiftly into the woods. I didnt say anything as the dark closed around us. I was pouting, uncomfortable in Jacobs arms. It felt too intimate to me surely he didnt need to hold me quite so tightly and I couldnt help but wonder what it felt like to him. It reminded me of my last afternoon in La Push, and I didnt want to think about that. I folded my arms, get at when the brace on my hand intensified the memory.We didnt go far he made a wide arc and came back into the cle aring from a different direction, maybe half a football field away from our original departure point. Edward was there alone and Jacob headed toward him.You can put me down now.I dont want to take a chance of messing up the experiment. His walk slowed and his arms tightened.You are so annoying, I muttered.Thanks.Out of nowhere, Jasper and Alice stood beside Edward. Jacob took one more step, and then set me down a half dozen feet from Edward. Without looking back at Jacob, I walked to Edwards side and took his hand.Well? I asked.As long as you dont touch anything, Bella, I cant imagine someone sticking their nose close enough to that trail to catch your scent, Jasper said, grimacing. It was almost completely obscured.A definite success, Alice agreed, wrinkling her nose.And it gave me an idea.Which will work, Alice added confidently.Clever, Edward agreed.How do you stand that? Jacob muttered to me.Edward ignored Jacob and looked at me while he explained. Were well, youre going to le ave a false trail to the clearing, Bella. The newborns are hunting, your scent will excite them, and theyll come exactly the way we want them to without being careful about it. Alice can already see that this will work. When they catch our scent, theyll split up and try to come at us from two sides. Half will go through the forest, where her vision suddenly disappears. . . .Yes Jacob hissed.Edward smiled at him, a smile of true comradeship.I felt sick. How could they be so eager for this? How could I stand having both of them in danger? I couldnt.I wouldnt.Not a chance, Edward said suddenly, his voice disgusted. It made me jump, bedevilment that hed somehow heard my resolve, but his eyes were on Jasper.I know, I know, Jasper said quickly. I didnt even consider it, not really.Alice stepped on his foot.If Bella was actually there in the clearing, Jasper explained to her, it would drive them insane. They wouldnt be able to concentrate on anything but her. It would make picking them of f truly easy. . . .Edwards glare had Jasper backtracking.Of course its too vulnerable for her. It was just an errant thought, he said quickly. But he looked at me from the corner of his eyes, and the look was wistful.No, Edward said. His voice rang with finality.Youre right, Jasper said. He took Alices hand and started back to the others. Best two out of three?I heard him ask her as they went to practice again.Jacob stared after him in disgust.Jasper looks at things from a military perspective, Edward quietly defended his brother. He looks at all the options its thoroughness, not callousness.Jacob snorted.Hed edged closer unconsciously, drawn by his absorption in the planning. He stood only three feet from Edward now, and, standing there between them, I could feel the physical tension in the air. It was like static, an uncomfortable charge.Edward got back to business. Ill bring her here Friday afternoon to lay the false trail. You can meet us afterward, and carry her to a place I know. Completely out of the way, and easily defensible, not that it will come to that. Ill take another route there.And then what? give her with a cell phone? Jacob asked critically.You have a better idea?Jacob was suddenly smug. Actually, I do.Oh. . . . Again, dog, not bad at all.Jacob turned to me quickly, as if hardened to play the good guy by keeping me in the conversation. We tried to talk bent into staying behind with the younger two. Hes still too young, but hes obstinate and hes resisting. So I thought of a new assignment for him cell phone.I tried to look like I got it. No one was fooled.As long as Seth Clearwater is in his wolf form, hell be connected to the pack, Edward said. Distance isnt a problem? he added, turning to Jacob.Nope.Three hundred miles? Edward asked. Thats impressive.Jacob was the good guy again. Thats the farthest weve ever gone to experiment, he told me. Still clear as a bell.I nodded absently I was reeling from the idea that little Seth Clearwater was already a werewolf, too, and that made it difficult to concentrate. I could see his bright smile, so much like a younger Jacob, in my head he couldnt be more than fifteen, if he was that. His enthusiasm at the council meeting bonfire suddenly took on new meaning. . . .Its a good idea. Edward seemed reluctant to admit this. Ill feel better with Seth there, even without the instantaneous communication. I dont know if Id be able to leave Bella there alone. To think its come to this, though Trusting werewolvesFightingwith vampires alternatively of against them Jacob mirrored Edwards tone of disgust.Well, you still get to fight against some of them, Edward said.Jacob smiled. Thats the reason were here.

Alternatives To Promote Literature Education Essay

In capital of capital of Singapore, the revenue-generating tourism industry has ever been critical for our development. For illustration, it generated about a astonishing S $ 14.1 billion in tourist grosss in 2007 1 , lending close to 5 % of our GDP ( Gross Domestic Product ) .In recent experient ages, our tourism industry has shown attach of stagnancy, even with the attempts by Singapore Tourism Board ( STB ) to advance touristry. draw 1 shows the Butler s Tourism Life-Cycle Model that illustrates the five chief phases that all(prenominal) ground s touristry industry will undergo. Every state will first arise down at the geographic expedition phase and travel along the Cycle from Stage 1 onwards, as its touristry industry grows and develops.In 2003, on that point was grounds that Singapore was at the 4th phase, stagnancy, evident from the undermenti matchlessd groundsThe worsening suppuration in visitant NumberssSingapore s touristry growing has been stagnating or even wors ening since 1997 2003. Harmonizing to touristry informations, the figure of holidaymaker reachings has been stagnating between 6 million to 7.5 million during this period, and for some old ages it has shown a negative per centum revisal from the old twelvemonth. The per centum alterations for these old ages are as follows -1.30 % ( 1997 ) , -13.28 % ( 1998 ) , -2.20 % ( 2001 ) and -19.04 % ( 2003 ) . 2 Short touring car corsetsOn norm, tourers were merely remaining for 2 to 3 yearss, clearly portraying that Singapore s tourer attractive forces were losing their entreaty. 3 Therefore, the Singapore Tourism Board ( STB ) attempted to rejuvenate touristry, and to farther promote Singapore as a tourer stopping point by utilizing riff attacks which we will analyze belowAdvantagesDisadvantagesConventionAdSince 1990, Singapore has use slants to actively advance Singapore as a tourer cultivation.These conveys use a multi-pronged attack to advance Singapore, such as done and throu gh and through utilizing different signifiers of media for these advertisement runs. In 2004, STB used the tagline Uniquely Singapore to look the run to advance Singapore as a vibrant and voguish tourer finish. The current run ( since 2010 ) has the tagline Your Singapore , and aims to advance Singapore as an exciting finish. For illustration, STB has de sign an synergistic web site ( YourSingapore.com ) to foreground the exciting and alone entreaties of Singapore s touristry industry.The runs raise planetary consciousness of Singapore s touristry and heighten our image.Requires capital which could enforce been used to develop other countries, e.g. health care. Thus the demand for the S $ 2Abillion Tourist Development Fund, of which a feed up of it was used for such hobodidacies ( merchandise development ) . The intent of this Fund is as follows( a ) Infrastructure Development Developing critical substructure to back up touristry growing( B ) Capability Development Enhancing the capableness of Singapore-based travel and touristry participants every bit good as pulling universe menage travel and touristry concerns and organisations to put up in Singapore( microscope stage Celsius ) Anchoring Iconic/Major Events Attracting iconic or mega events that will foreground Singapore as a premier finish for Leisure, Business and Services client sections( vitamin D ) Merchandise Development Developing strategic touristry merchandisesCan you believe of other disadvantage? I can non happen a manner to reply his first re look into ( SorryOptionChanging Percepts and ImagesSingapore s tourer attractive forces are turning older and losing entreaty on that pointfore the demand for makeovers. After Jurong Bird park s S $ 10Amillion makeover, visitant Numberss arise by 11 % 4 . Therefore, STB has allocated capital, through enterprises like BOOST 5 /Tourism Development Fund 6 , of which a part of the financess are used to upgrade these tourer attractive forces.This al ternate functions to increase the satisfaction stage of tourers here such that they will be much likely to do repetition visits or put on recommend Singapore as a finish ( viva-voce ) .Ensures that our attractive forces are invariably renewed, to heighten their entreaty to foreign tourers. These upranked attractive forces can alike profit locals who visit these topographic points and better their satisfaction degree.OptionCollaborationMICE ( Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions ) touristry is one of the fastest turning sectors of the planetary touristry industry today. It involves states meat forcesing with event organisers to keep their international events here. Through these events, to a greater extent than 25 % of visitants to Singapore were attracted due to MICE touristry.Singapore organises around 6000 of such events every twelvemonth 7 , such as the 2009 APEC ( Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ) Summit and the 2007 World Bank International Monetary Fund me eting.Raises Singapore s profile in the universe, because these concern travelers would be exposed to the Singapore culture and therefore would be more cognizant of our state.Generates gross for the touristry industry and related service suppliers. The Singapore Tourism Board estimates that by 2015, MICE touristry will lend a important 35 % of touristry gross. 8 Exhibition infinite is required for these concern events. Capital invested by the organizers to engage the required work force and maintain and run these event infinites is diverted from local development utilizations. In the instance of a letup, the exhibition infinite is besides wasted. guide for optionsWe examine that there was a demand for options because Singapore can non let our touristry industry to flag, due to the economical importance of our touristry industry, as schematic earlier. However, the effectualness of the convention, advertisement, is limited. The customaryity runs conducted by STB purpose to alter favorably the tourer s perceptual gravel of Singapore as a tourer finish such that the person will be more likely to pick Singpore as a finish of pick. However, it was shown that merely about advertisement through the mountain media merely brings in approximately 60 % of tourers. Therefore there was a demand to utilize other options to supplement the convention.ResultWe see that the alternate methods father in fact rejuvenated Singapore s touristry industry such that we are come oning along paths A or B on Diagram 1, because we see that visitant reachings have started on an upward tendency since 2003 and have been go oning on this tendency, which indicates that these options have been victorful.I m regretful, I truly can non believe of anything (Another manner from which we will travel on to farther measure the degree of success with mention to other lending factors in our lying-in would be from the point of position of the as kinded s fillholders in Singapore s touristry indu stry, by measuring the impact of an increased figure of tourers to Singapore on the s fallholders, to acquire a more complete position of the impact of these options.By analyzing the benefits of advancing Singapore s touristry industry to the assorted stakeholders, we see that the publicity of touristry industry in Singapore is besides similar to the publicity of literary works to Singapore s junior persons.StakeholdersBenefits to StakeholderForeign Visitors/TouristsTourists benefit from the convenience of circuit bundles in the SEA part, because of the easiness of which they can travel from one finish to another.Furthermore, the improved touristry services will guarantee that tourers enjoy their stay more, guaranting in a higher degree of satisfaction for them.LocalsLocals will be able to bask the upgraded installations, the consequence of touristry greening.These tourer attractive forces will besides hike consumption in Singapore, because of the demand to engage Singaporeans to run these attractive forces, which would assist to cut down the unemployment rate in Singapore.Furthermore, when there is an increasing figure of tourers sing Singapore, the great interest by foreign visitants in Singapore s local refinement will promote locals to be proud of this local civilization of theirs, and experience more inclined to protect it,STBA better executing tourer industry would bring forth more gross for the touristry industry in Singapore.Service Providers ( e.g. hotels )When the tourer volume is increased, this benefits all the suppliers of subordinate services, such as hotels, because there will be a rise in the figure of tourers necessitating housing.2nd state of affairs which can be considered in a similar manner2nd state of affairs Promoting young person s involvement in English Literature ( Poetry, Prose and Theatrical surveies )Conventional manner to advance books1. Humanistic disciplines teddysHumanistic disciplines trips are organized by secondary disciplines in Singapore for disciples.These abroad trips conducted during the school vacations, present pupils with the chance to see topographic points like United Kingdom, which is one of the chief beginnings of English Literature. As the cost of the fieldtrip is partly subsidized by schools conceptualize oning them, pupils are to a great extent encouraged to fall in in these growing journeys.The UK Literature trip is often conducted with the purpose toSupply an chance for a selected group of pupils to be exposed to UK s rich literacy and cultural heritageEnhance pupils apprehension of literacy genres and critical analysis bring throughments through practical unfavorable judiciousness and authorship exercisingsLearn independency and leading accomplishments as pupils are endeavored to look after themselves and one another over the full tripAllow pupils to hold a first-hand experience and further apprehension of the lives of assorted celebrated maneuvertists such as William Shakespeare every bit good have sing renowned dramas in celebrated theaters.Students frequently have to finish a undertaking during or after a trip, which could be in the signifier of a presentation of their experiences there or more literary productions-based assignments such as composing a verse form, inspired from what they see.As there is no right or incorrect replies in publications, pupils have the broaddom to exert their creativeness in contrast to the strict and stiff course of study of other contents.This can trip an involvement in literary works among pupils.However, the figure of topographic points available for such trips frequently limited to less than 50 people and therefore merely a little balance wheel of the cohort will be able to go to it. Furthermore, an 8 xxiv hours trip will be a pupil approximately SGD $ 3000 after subsidy, which may discourage pupils from subscribing up for the trip. A big proportion of the pupil population will non be able to take p ortion in this enriching journey.2. Integration of romance into the lower secondary course of studyDrama as mandatory faculty in course of study-Many secondary schools in Singapore integrated cheer as a dictatorial faculty in lower secondary as portion of the instruction for literary productions. Outside trainers ( normally attached to theatre companies ) are frequently employed to run workshops for the pupils. Students have to move out parts of a drama in forepart of an reference in groups, in which they are graded for the concluding merchandise every bit good as the procedure of fixing for it. They have to carry through the different functions required in the cookery of a drama such the manager and the histrions, with the aid of a instructor or trainer for counsel. This serves toSpur pupils imaginativeness, as they may be required to perform and compose their ain version of the dramas.Allow pupils to derive a greater penetration into the drama they are moving every bit goo d as into play as pupils will hold an in-depth apprehension of the drama before they are able to move it outImprove teamwork and leading accomplishments as pupil have to work in groups and settle jobs that may happen by themselvesConstruct up assurancePromote literature as a play outlet that is non merely bound to the schoolroom and booksCompetitions-Inter-class Drama Competition can be carried out in lower secondary that allows pupils to take up detail functions of characters in the literature drama and move it out in forepart of an audience. This builds assurance in pupils every bit good as to derive a better apprehension of characters in the novel and able to analyze the text better. This builds involvement in lower secondary pupils as they get to see dramatisation of characters in the drama and learning literature through a merriment and prosecuting manner.-Literature Den Competition can be carried out in lower secondary, with the purpose of adorning the schoolroom harmonizin g to a subject prone. Themes include names of poets ( e.g. Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath ) or a celebrated source mark from a literature text. This enables us to acquire to lie with more about celebrated poets or quotation marks and it creates a new acquisition environment and raise consciousness of celebrated poets and quotation marks of the yesteryear.-Literature Broadcast Competition can be carried out for literature dramas as pupils take up a function of a character in the drama and convey feelings and messages of characters through the broadcast. This encourages pupils to be involved in broadcast medium and besides to set themselves in the places of the character and this AIDSs character analysis and hence builds up involvement in the topic.LinkOur alternate attacks for the 1st state of affairs where touristry is promoted and aliens are attracted to see Singapore to come to see and research our local civilization in bend helps in advancing our civilization and maintaining our heritage alive.This is similar to our options to advance Literature ( 2nd state of affairs ) as by promoting pupils to demo an involvement and larn more about the plants of art that gaining control niceties of people s lives ( foreign and local civilization ) , we are besides assisting to advance the civilization as expressed in Literary texts.More significantly, we see that similar options can be efficaciously used in these similar state of affairss, because the effectivity of these steps can be seen through an rating of the instance survey, and because our aims for both state of affairss and the constructs behind the options are similar, this is an appropriate comparing. For our instance survey, the aim of utilizing these options was to pull more tourers to Singapore, which is similar to the aim of our application, which is to pull more local lower secondary school pupils to be interested in Literature.Furthermore, the constructs behind the several alternate attacks of alter perc eptual experience and images and collaborations are similar for both the instance survey and the application. Since these options were successful for the former, this shows that we can follow similar steps for the latter to successfully accomplish our aims.Why we need to see options 9 ? marking Group Lower Secondary pupilsAim To pull more Lower Secondary pupils to show an involvement in LiteratureIn May 1995, an article in the point Times suggested a diminution in literature registration for O degree surveies in Singapore.A turning tendency, it was reported, was for schools, required by the Ministry of Education to offer literature as a compulsory topic for the first two old ages of secondary school, to offer the topic as an option merely for Secondary 3 or 4 pupils. Even though one of the purposes of doing pupils study literature in lower secondary is to let pupils to detect the joy of literature, most pupils do non take up literature as a O degree topic as it seen to be a har der topic to hit good in.Hence in order to advance literature and promote more pupils to take up literature as an examinable topic in upper secondary every bit good as to better their linguistic communication and higher-order vox populi accomplishments, the sort of originative or critical thought necessary for Singapore s hereafter as an economically developed state, our group will wish well to research options to advance literature among pupils in Singapore.Alternate 1 Makeover of Literature ALiterature is the Hagiographas in which look and signifier, in connexion with thoughts of lasting and cosmopolitan involvement, are characteristic or all important(p) characteristics, as poesy, novels, history, life, and essays.Literature was seen as a depository of humanistic and religious determine which top executive defy the pragmatism and increasing philistinism of everyday Singaporean life.Wayss to advance literature in Singapore AMaking Literature MainstreamAdvertise and increas e the figure of picks of books to take from so as to provide more to involvements of assorted literature partisans who have involvements in different genres e.g. horror.Ad runs can be held to alter the perceptual experience of Literature to youths in Singapore by demoing them that Literature is authentically non tiring as many might believe through agencies ( This is similar to the alternate attack for our 1st state of affairs where attractive forces are given makeovers to heighten their ocular entreaty to tourers ) such as new media.Puting up an online forum e.g. on Facebook where pupils can discourse Literature texts. This forum can be used by anyone, be it those who are interested in Literature or those who are merely looking about. This helps to make a common pose/platform for pupils to prosecute in treatments with others sharing the same passion for the topic.Furthermore, Literature can be promoted as a topic that non merely analyse and take care texts but besides popular m ovies/television series. This helps in altering the typical perceptual experience of people that Literature is a deadening and irrelevant topic due to its content which focuses on dramas by William Shakespeare whose plants may non be applicable in present society.Introduce literature grasp hebdomad in schools where tickets to see dramas can be on sale to hopefully pull upon the pupils wonder of literature or their passion for it to prosecute in theatrical grasp which is an indispensable portion of Literature. By carry oning trips to research the different facets of Literature Studies, pupils will be more interested in the topic as it opens their eyes to the facets and might trip their passion for literature. Schools can besides ask for local/ abroad companies or possibly, the school s play CCA to execute for the school s fable during literature grasp hebdomad so as to provide to those pupils who are unwilling or unable to watch dramas.A2. Introduce educational games refering to li terature so as to raise involvement in the topic and promote more pupils to take it as an examinable topic for national scrutinies. AAn illustration is to modify bill games, such as monopoly, and inculcate literature into the game. Chance and community chest cards can be replaced with literature quotation marks, texts or devices that may study one to province the beginning of quotation mark, name a character in the book or explicate literary devices severally. These games can be used during lessons so that even if a pupil has no involvement in playing it in the first topographic point, the pupil will hold to play it. This might trip his involvement in literature.Other games such as tabu or pictionary can besides be modified, such as including quotation marks and devices in the game of tabu and pulling important scenes in a peculiar literature text in the instance of pictionary.By leting pupils to larn and derive consciousness of literature in a merriment and prosecuting mode, th eir involvement will be raised and they might see taking up literature as an examinable topic in their secondary and third instruction. AWOULD THE ALTERNATIVES BE roaring? IF SO, WOULD THE ALTERNATIVES RESULT IN A MORE SUCCESSFUL OUTCOME THAN IF THE CONVENTIONAL rule IS ADOPTED?The result will be successful as launching of runs will raise consciousness and facilitate acquisition of literature surveies among the pupils.To demo the success of our alternate, we couldExpression at instance surveies of other runs that were antecedently launched in Singapore. An illustration is The Speak Mandarin Campaign ( e?a?Ze?eaS? ) , which is a year-around run that uses promotion and activities in the community to make consciousness and to ease the acquisition of Mandarin. As portion of the run to advance greater usage, the English newspaper The Straits Times publishes day-to-day Mandarin vocabulary lessons, used Television game shows and music public presentations by local dad stars to increase c onsciousness in young persons. We can hence measure the success and failure of these attacks taken and see these facets while implementing our undertaking as our mark audience is similar. This can be done as it is similarInter feeling teachers/ forces from the English Language and Literature Teachers Association ( ELLTAS ) on the importance of fostering thought persons through taking up literature. This purpose of the interview is to help our group in deriving more cognition about the elaborate course of study of Literature surveies in Singapore and specific facets of Literature surveies that are of relevancy to pupils. By deriving this information, our group can better our option for e.g. the alteration of board games to run into the demands of the topic.Surveies can be carried out to happen out if pupils are willing/ unwilling to choose for literature as an examinable topic and why/why non. Suggestions to increase registration of literature pupils can besides be seek for in the st udies.Sample SurveyPurpose To happen out pupils current perceptual experiences and apprehension of LiteratureTarget Group Secondary school and subordinate College StudentsNo.Question1Presently, what degree are you analyzing at?Lower SecondaryUpper SecondaryJunior CollegeNone of the aboveIf ( a ) , delight skip to Question 3.2Are you studying/Do you plan to analyze Literature as an examinable topic at the A Levels?YesNo3Are you studying/Did you study/Do you plan to Literature as an examinable topic at the O Levels?Yes, complete(a) Literature.Yes, Literature Elective.No4On a graduated table of 1 to 10, delight rate your involvement in Literature. _____( 1 being in all disinterested, 10 being highly passionate about )Why?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5On a graduated table of 1 to 10, how utile do you believe Literature is? _____( 1 being wholly useless, 10 being crucially utile )W hy?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6Make you happen that Literature is of import because of the analytical accomplishments it teaches? potently sum upAgreeImpersonalDisagreepowerfully Disagree7Make you happen that Literature is of import because it is a signifier of civilization and heritage through which old coevalss can go through down their ways of life and beliefs to future coevalss?Strongly AgreeAgreeNot certainDisagreeStrongly Disagree8Make you happen that Literature is of import because it stimulates the treatment and idea of controversial or problematic issues covered in the text?Strongly AgreeAgreeNot certainDisagreeStrongly Disagree9In your sentiment, is adequate being done to advance Literature among young persons in Singapore?YesNot certainNoIf no, do you hold any suggestions on how you feel Literature should be promote among young persons in Singapore?____________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________10How supportive would you be of new options to advance Literature to youths in Singapore? For illustration, would you take part in events organized to observe Literature or play games designed with elements of Literature in it?Very SupportiveSupportiveSlightlyUnsupportiveVery unsupportiveAlternate 2 Collaboration Wayss to advance literature in SingaporeIn our 2nd option, our group proposes that schools tie-up with art administrations and local authors/poets.AThe event, in the signifier of a just, will be held in secondary schools with the mark audience being lower secondary school pupils who are hesitating over their capable combination options. The timeframe of the event will be one twenty-four hours during school course of study, sooner after the end-of-year scrutinies of lower secondary school pupils so that they will hold more free clip due to more flexible timetab les after scrutinies. The circus will include activities go arounding around literature grasp. Besides being able to bask the public presentations, pupils will be given the chances to travel wing to larn more about the humanistic disciplines such as presenting inquiries to the performing artists and so forth This construct of supplying a carnival will be new as our group aims to suggest a alone blend of local and foreign literature show windows coupled with dramas and public presentations put up by theatrical companies to be catered for schools ( content will be sooner related to the pupils coursework ) .AThere will besides be coaction between schools and local writers and poets where they will be invited to put up booths at these carnivals and to offer pupils with relevant replies on inquiries asked regarding Literature. By supplying pupils the context of Literature through the position of the local poets/authors, the pupils will be exposed to a more interesting point of view of the topic. AThe general diminution in literature registration for O degree surveies in Singapore has provoked a minute of contemplation about the function of literature in Singapore society. public figures commented on the utility of literature school instructors, applied scientists, and physicians wrote letters and Straits Times columnist Ravi Veloo proposed that O degree literature be made compulsory for all pupils. Therefore our option will take to work hand-in-hand with lifting recognition of the importance to advance literature in Singapore. We will be forming this event in schools who are advocates of the point of view of the importance of Literature from the fact that literature can be seen as a depository of humanistic and religious values which might defy the pragmatism and increasing philistinism of mundane Singaporean life. Besides, the publicity of Literature can be seen as encouraging higher-order thought accomplishments, the sort of originative or critical thoug ht necessary for Singapore s hereafter as an economically developed state.Aside from the chief mark audience of lower secondary school pupils, upper secondary pupils who are interested to heighten their cognition and involvement for Literature are besides encouraged and invited to take portion in the event. AAn illustration of a play studio that can be considered for coaction is Drama Box. Their educational arm, NeNeMa, have conducted synergistic dramas for schools every bit good as workshops specially tailored for pupils, instructors and corporate clients utilizing. Within a short 6-month period in 2004, they have reached more than 5,000 pupils and 400 instructors through their dramas and workshops1.Their popularity among school populations substantiates their professionalism in carry oning dramas. Therefore, Drama Box serves to be a good pick of organisation to near should our group decides to transport out a pilot trial in which the carnival would be held. AOn the other manus, an writer that could be approached for coaction with schools is Mr Tan Swie Hian, who in 1987 and 1998 severally, was awarded the Cultural ornamentation in Singapore and won the Marin Sorescu International Poetry Prize in Romania.AThe principle behind this attack is to perchance trip studentsA involvement in literature, as in today s society, literature is being overlooked invariably due to the outgrowth of popular civilization. By utilizing this attack, we hope that literature will one time once more go popular with today s youth.AIn order to demo if this attack is successful, we can inquire the authors/poets for the figure of pupils who signed up for their classs and we can give out studies to the pupils to acquire their sentiment about such events which aim to advance literature.AA restriction is that the authors/poets might non be free to carry on such things such as the authorship classs. In order to get the better of this, we can seek to reach literature instructors who might b e willing to make such things due to their strong passion in learning and distributing his/her love for literature to the following coevals.WOULD THE ALTERNATIVE BE SUCCESSFUL? IF SO, WOULD THIS ALTERNATIVE RESULT IN A MORE SUCCESSFUL OUTCOME THAN IF THE CONVENTIONAL METHOD IS ADOPTED?The result will be successful as coaction with humanistic disciplines organisation and local authors/poets in forming carnivals perverts from conventional methods of learning which pupils find deadening or uncreative. By broadening the types of learning methods employed, pupils will break appreciate the topic as a whole and be more interested in the topics as rigidness in the course of study is eliminated.This alternate attack will be more successful than the conventional manner as it caters to a larger group of mark audience. Unlike the Literature trip which merely a little selected group of pupils can be offered the chance, the coaction with local poets/authors caters to more pupils and is larger-sca le and more encompassing that the conventional method.Primary research methodological analysis Collaborate with local authors/poets to organize interaction Sessionss at schools to advance literature. Conduct study to see what pupils feel about such Sessionss and how the session has changed how they view literature. Conduct interviews with authors/poets to acquire their sentiments on how literature has affected society over the old ages ( or frailty versa ) , how literature can be farther promoted, etc. A